Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teenage Pregnancy EssayOne of the societal problems that our country encounters is the teenage pregnancy or the early pregnancy. Many Teenagers ar involve in premarital wake. This also lead to other societal problem like overpopulation and poverty. The sexual revolution has ushered in a period in which the average teenager experiences tremendous pressures to set out sexual experiences of all kinds. Filipino teens get a higher exposure to sex from the Internet, magazines, TV shows, movies and other media than decades ago, yet without any check increase in information on how to handle the input. So kids are pretty much left to other kids for opinions and value formation when it comes to sex. Sexual misinformation is hence equally shared in the group. Parents at home and teachers in school feel equally inadequate or uneasy to discuss the topic of sex with youngsters.The problem mounts because the barkada (gang) has a more profound influence than parents do and they exert pres sure and expect the adolescent to conform to the rest of them. In the Philippines, according to the 2002 novel Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (Uppi) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth comprehensive from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. What?s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. In fact, female adolescents whose friends engage in sexual behavior were found to be more likely to do the same compared to those who do not associate with such(prenominal) peers. If the teen perceives her peers to look negatively at premarital sex, she was more likely to start sex at a later age. Teenage mothers tend to have poor eating habits and are less likely to take recommended daily multivitamins to maintain adequate nutrition during pregnancy.They are also more likely to smoke, plight or take drugs during pregnancy , which can cause health problems for the baby. Unplanned pregnancies lead to a higher rate of abortions. In the Philippines, although abortion is illegal, it would shock you to know that we up to now have a higher abortion rate (25/1,000 women) .For sure, there are more abortions that happen in our country that are not even reported. Backdoor abortions are resorted to with untrained ?hilots? with questionable sterility procedures, increasing the possibility for tetanus poisoning and other complications. Even though there are many ways to tour of duty this problem, there will always be the lak of discipline of the teenagers.That is why there is the controversial RH Bill which will solve the problem or mayhap it cannot.

Corporate Social Responsibility and branding Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility and stigmatisation Essay1. IntroductionIn this chapter the background of the thesis will be presented and discussed. Moreover, a literature review, question problem and query drumheads will be introduced in order to get an go outing of the study purpose. This is followed by the limitations and disposition.1.1 BackgroundThe companies of directly ar very cognizant of what the in the public eye(predicate) and other stakeholders demand from the companies way of handle their responsibilities (Burchell, 2008). In order to form a strategy for the protection of their brand paradigm and reputation many companies find themselves engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility activities (Kotler and Lee 2005), from now on abbreviated CSR. The desire of doing well and doing sizable in the society in which the political party is operating retain been of increasing interest world wide during the last decade. As a result, corporate reportage on social re sponsibility initiatives chiffonier much often be found in companies commercialiseing strategies (Kotler and Lee, 2005). Even though CSR activities are increasing among todays organizations in that location is still lack of a general universally definition of this concept (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). that in a broad perspective CSR is soundless and suckd as the way companies integrate social, economic and environmental matters into their internal organization (values, culture, decision making and strategy), which leads to establishment of better society, wealth and better practices at bottom the phoner (Horrigan, 2010).Considering the breadth of CSR it can subsequently be described in many different names corporate responsibility, corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate citizenship, sustainable development etc (Benn and Bolton, 2011). In a shorter explanation, CSR can therefore be explained as the relationship between a corporation and its stakehold er (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). Already in 1972 the American professor in contrast Administration, Dow Votaw, stated that the amount pages on social responsibility written in our time would fill up a small library. As it turns out, he was right. CSR is here to stay. The idea of taking responsibility beyond what the fair play demands has increased since the millennial shift (Borglund, DeGeer and Sweet, 2012). Especially big organizations, both in the public and private sectors, are engaging in these kinds of activities (Burchell, 2008).The benefits of a companys usage of CSR activities can lead to a better position in the market and a positive return on investment. On top of that of course the benefits for society, such as improvement of life or a cleaner environment (Kotler and Lee, 2005). On the other hand, many view CSR mainly as a step towards a reputation as a trusty business and as good citizens (Burchell, 2008). Either how, risks by avoiding to use this concept can lead t o lack of legitimacy for the organization. Meyer and Rowan (1977) also claim that when having a business it is all-important(prenominal) to be accepted and to be legitimacy in the environment as well as having utile and structured internal processes to survive. According to Grusch (2006) consumers actively inspect the local behavior of international companies.Their out-sourced ventures are also being observed, and breeding regarding possible bad behavior reaches the ears of the public much more quickly than it employ to. Consequently, to the stakeholders awareness and other factors that can have an impact on a companys survival, it is therefore important for companies to establish private-enterprise(a) advantage. Differentiation is a way to ensure competitive advantage. By using a differentiation strategy a companys key strengths and core competencies builds up, and this is where CSR has an important role for a companys brand as it gets differentiate by incorporating it in th e corporate image. This kind of action can generate to better brand attitudes and in the keen-sighted run this will result in brand loyalty (Grant, 2008).1.2 Literature review1.3 Problem discussionAs stated in the background, CSR is a burning question among todays companies. Stakeholders are starting to put more pressure on companies responsibility in the society they are operating in, therefore, in order to get a competitive advantage CSR has become a major tool in their marketing strategy (Kotler and Lee, 2005).A branding law defined by Werther and Chandler (2005) shows that CSR will evoke attitudes towards the brand. Are these attitudes positive it will be lead to positive purchase decision and loyal customers, which give companies competitive advantage (Roper and Fill 2012). In Kotler and Lees book (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Doing the nearly good for your company and your cause, they are describing examples of well-known organizations that have used CSR to increa se their brand value. It has therefore been a shift reduce in the CSR debate, nowadays it is more a debate of how CSR activities should be used and how effective it can be used as a branding tool, rather than if companies should use this concept or not (Smith, 2003). Based on the debate the question that arises is therefore in what way should CSR activities be used in order to be effective for a positive attitude towards the brand?Today there are many studies relating to the area of CSR. Research does suggest there is a positive relationship between CSR and consumer attitudes towards brands and companies (Creyer and Ross 1997 Ellen, Mohr and Webb, 2000 Lacey and Kennet-Hensel, 2010). It is also shown in studies that CSR activities influence how the consumer behave when a certain brand appear in their mind (Becker-Olsen et al., 2006 Nhattacharya and Sen, 2004). However, most of these studies are focusing on people and brand science in developed countries.The literatures were more s pecialized of how the CSR influences image of the brand in the western world and how the western public persuaded the brand of the CSR activities. When doing literature research, the amount of research studies round CSR in underdeveloped countries were of a narrow amount. No study could be found about CSRs link to branding in a growths countries perspective, further, about how the locals (employers of the company and the consumer in the developing farming) brand perception of CSR activities are.As the real life stories in Kotler and Lees book (2005) showed that CSR has an effective link to the brand. However, most of the organizations were conducting the CSR activities in the country they operated in and the society had a good knowledge of what CSR is. Likewise, a study showed that the brand would be effected and look different if the consumers were aware of CSR of the companies (Boulstridge and Carrigan 2000). So the question that can be asked and discussed is if it will appear an effective link to a companys brand in a country that is not developed?A research gap is therefore determine. If we place and conduct a study conducted in a western world in a developing countrys context, would the outcome be the same? Would there be a similar link between CSR and branding there?1.4 PurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to get a robuster understanding of the link between a companys CSR and its branding in a developing country. Based on the purpose the following research questions will be presented 1. What kind of CSR activities are being used to effectively increase positive attitudes towards the companys brand? 2. In what way is a companys CSR linked to its brand in the Philippines? 3. And how do these attitudes create value for the brand?2. ruleological analysisIn this chapter the research methodology applied in this thesis will be discussed. A description regarding the method design of the study will be explained in the following order research design, data collection, validity and reliability and data analysis.2.1 Research approachThere are three type of studies identified by Yin (2003) exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. An exploratory research design tries to define the research question and form the hypothesis. A descriptive research in the other hand, tries to describe a different characteristic of a phenomena that arises. When doing a descriptive caseful study the data collection is being guided by theories. When conducting the explanatory research design it is about how it explains course of events and relate how things happened (Yin, 2003).According to Yin (2003) this thesis can be seen as a descriptive research as it will focus on describing what impact CSR has on branding. When using a descriptive research the problem is structured and understood, which means that existing literature about the topic of CSR and branding (Ghauri and Gronhaug 2010). And this kind of research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain an even better knowledge of a specific topic (Gill and Johnson, 2010). Due to the research purpose, which is to investigate how CSR influences on a companys brand in the Philippines this research method fits the best among the three other ways.3.2 Research designI chose case studies method, because it enhances the understanding of what is going on in a particular case and it can involve a detailed investigation (Yin, 2009). This information that is gained from case studies are therefore relevant to answer some of my problem and research questions as I want to investigate companies CSR activities and observe these activities in order to understand its impact on the brand which is the data collection in my first section of the study. By a case study approach observations of a companies activities can be captured, which is in a way impossible to capture through questionnaires and interviews (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010).3.3.1 The case studyIn the beginning of March I will pass away to t he Philippines to carry on an eight weeks field study which will give me the opportunity to study some Swedish/International companies CSR activities and how these activities affect their brand perception by interviewing the consumers and workers in country. The case study will therefore obtain information to fulfill my purpose. The choice of companies The information obtained will be from companies that use CSR activities in the Philippines. In order to fill the research gap I will be aiming for to study companies with well-known CSR activities.2.3 Data collectionA qualitative method will be used in order to collect the information for this thesis. Regarding to Trost (2005) a qualitative method is described as a method where the interviewer gathers the information on the interviewees feelings, thoughts and experiences. Hence, to the search of a deeper understanding of how CSR affects the brand perception, this qualitative approach fit the purpose of the thesis because it can give m e a deep information regarding the employees and consumers opinions and feelings towards CSR in the Philippines and the brand which is the aim of this study.2.3.1 Qualitative interview designSemi-structures face-to-face-interview.4.4 Validity in qualitative researchDescriptive validity refers to the degree to which the certain description holds true (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010 p. 210). Bias When interviewing the respondents a lifting description of the brand can appear, because they have been chosen to do this certain interview about the companies actions. Language is the elementary tool of interviewing, and may especially be important in qualitative interviewing (Kvale, 1989). The interviews will be conducted by me in English and since communication is a very important in order to get the information it can appear some small misunderstanding as English is not my mother language. But by conducting a face to face interview, the body language and face expression will increase the val idity of the interviews.REFERENCESKotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstrong, G. (2004). Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition. New jersey FT- Prentice Hall.Burchell, J. 2008. The Corporate Social Responsibility Reader. London and New York Routledge.Kotler, P. and Lee, N. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Doing the Most Good for Your Company and Your Cause, Hoboken, New Jersey.Crowther, D. and Capaldi, N. (2008). The ashgate research companion to Corporate Social Responsibility. MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, CornwallSuchman, M. C. (1995) Managing Legitimacy Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review, Vol 203, p 571-610.Benn, S. and Bolton, D. (2011). Key Concepts in Corporate SocialResponsibility. rational Publications Ltd LondonWerther, W.B. And Chandler, D. (2005) Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility as Global Brand Insurance, Business Horizons 48317-24.Boulstridge, E and Carrigan, M.Do consumers really circumspection about corporate responsbility? Highlighting the attitude behavior gap. Journal of communication management, (2000) 359-360Gill, J and Johnson, P, 2010, Research Methods for Managers 4th Edition. SAGE Publications LtdGhauri, P and Gronhaug, K, 2010, Research Methods in Business Studies 4th edition. Pearson Education Limited.Trost, J, 2005, Kvalitativa intervjuer. Studentlitteratur, Lund.Halvorsen, K. (1989). Samhllsvetenskaplig Metod. Oslo Studentlitteratur ABYin, R.K, 2009, Case Study Research Design and Method. London SAGEEllen, P.S., Webb, D.J. Mohr, L.A. (2006). Building corporate associations consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34 (2), 147-57. doi 10.1177/0092070305284976Creyer, E. H., Ross, W. T., Jr. (1997). The influence of firm behavior on purchase intention Do consumers really dispense about business ethics? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(6), 42132. doi 10.1108/07363769710185999

A Serious Games Overview Education Essay

A just Games Overview Education EssayComputer and video naughtys are normally known unders likewised as a form of entertainment. However, surprisingly and rapidly they are becoming recognized as providing a powerful doer for registering and being called secure Games, both among educators and the plunk fory development community. A lot of research is being conducted to explore monstrous Games possibilities. This paper investigates the notion of blues as means for learning/ planning Serious Games, will look to the available definitions, investigate its relations with other terms and categories Entertainment/ Learning /Gamification show its applicability, limitations and lastly we will suggest afterlife studies to be conducted close to it.IntroductionTodays unspoiled games is a big and somber business the serious game sector is expected to grow signifi burn downtly in the medium term. In 7th of July 2010 IDATE (market analysis and consulting firm) released its Serious Gam es market report where is estimated that serious games in 2010 generated 1.5 billion EUR in revenue around the globe, and that by 2015 gross sales will be al virtually seven times what they are in 2010 with an average annual growth rate of 47% between 2010 and 2015. 1A learn question, when discussing serious games, is what the concept itself actually means. regular(a) a brief survey of the literature soon reveals that there seems to be as many definitions available as there are actors involved, but most agree on a core meaning that serious games are (digital) games apply for findings other than mere entertainment. other question of interest concerns the cl makeed positive effects of such games, or of applications from related and sometimes overlapping areas Entertainment, Learning and Gamification. In gain to obvious advantages, equal allowing learners to run into situations that are impossible in the real world for reasons of safety, cost, time, etc. (Corti, 2006 2 Squire Jenkins, 2003 3). However, it is not the case that all games are good for all learning outcomes (van Eck, 2006 4). The aim of this paper is to suck in a closer look at some aspects of these issues.A lot of emphasis is putted into gaming, gaming types, gaming advantages and disadvantages. There been many studies most it, as people looking to it as the untested innovative way that may enhance our life.We will start our research by defining Games in general to subset from it Serious games, then explore SG definitions, explore SG relation with Entertainment games, Learning and Gamification. After that we will look to SG attributes, applicability, limitations to finally suggest some strength research area.An overview of GamesThis paper foc make use ofs on the domain of serious games and since SG is a subset of games we will take first a look at Game definition to end from their a start point for our research.A game is a system in which doers engage in an abstract challenge, defin ed by rules, interactivity, and feedback, that results in a quantifiable outcome often eliciting an emotional reaction. By Koster is his seminal work A Theory of Fun 5According to Caillois flow and games fall on a continuum between what he terms ludus, rule bound games and paidia, anarchic playing, therefore we need first to antitheticaliate between game and play. Whereas the word play is used for games as well as for toys, there is a difference. Following Caillois concept in his book Man, Play and Games (2001)6 we can light on the difference, Caillois describes paidia and ludus as ii poles of play activities. Where paidia (playing) describes free-form, expressive, improvisational behaviors and meanings, ludus (gaming), on the other side, characterizes rule-based playing with determined goals.In matter of serious games we are talking about ludus with a mount of having a utilisation behind playing the game. So we can define play as it is less the opposite of seriousness than the vital ground of spirit as nature, a form of res channelizet and freedom at one and the same time. (Gadamer, 1986) 7The Concept of Serious GamesThe term serious game is not new the first time term was introduced by Clark Abt who discussed the term in his Serious Games book in 1970. 8Serious games commonly refer to games used for training, advertising, mask, or teaching method that are architectural planed to run on personal computers or video game consoles. However searching the web, a number of different definitions are available, such asGames that do not have entertainment, enjoyment, or sportsman as their primary purpose (Michael subgenus subgenus Chen, 2006, p. 21) 9The use of computer game and simulation approaches and/or technologies for primarily non entertainment purposes by (PIXELearning.com, 2006) 10Game-based learning/serious games is all about leveraging the power of computer games to captivate and engage end-users for a specific purpose, such as to develop new no esis and skills. According to Corti (2006, p.1) 2Serious game is a mental contest, played with a computer in accordance with specific rules, that uses entertainment to further regime or corporate training, education, health, public policy, and strategic communication objectives. by Zydas (2005, p.26) 11When comparing serious games with just computer games, Zyda argues that serious games have more than just story, art, and software. It is the addition of pedagogy (activities that educate or instruct, thereby imparting knowledge or skill) that makes games serious. However, he also stresses that pedagogy essential be subordinate to story and that the entertainment component comes first. 11 any(prenominal) consider fun the prime factor in games and education and, according to Prensky (2001) 12, games should be fun first and then should encourage learning. Similarly, Michael and Chen (2006) 9 argue, with regard to serious games, that the main point is to get frauds to learn something, and, if possible, have fun doing it.Fun, however, is neither the only form of entertainment, nor the only way to engage players in a game. Besides fun, there are several elements that contribute to players engagement. According to Corti (2006) 2, the motivational virtues of video games are what initially attract training and development professionals to modus operandi to game-based approaches, but there is a lot more to game based learning/serious games than simply using fun as a means to engage learners.Related Concepts to serious GamesThere are related and sometimes overlapping domains to Serious Games (Entertainment, Learning and Gamification) which we need to distinguish their relativity to Serious Games.Serious Gaming vs. Entertainment GamingAn adequate question to ask is how serious games differ from entertainment games. The below table compare Serious Games and Entertainment Games from Michael and Chen (2006) 9 view points where they discuss it from a design and development perspective following four criteria to compare Task/Experience, Focus, Simulations and CommunicationSerious gamesEntertainment gamesTask vs. repleteExperienceProblem solving in focusRich experiences preferredFocusImportant elements oflearning,To have funSimulationsAssumptions necessaryfor workable simulationsSimplified simulationProcessesCommunicationShould reflect natural(i.e., non-perfect)CommunicationCommunication is oftenPerfectThe differences between entertainment games and serious games -Table 1For serious games it is more important for the players that the pretense or simulation can be used to solve a problem, than providing rich experiences of the kind sought by terriblecore gamers. Further, for serious games it is essential that the most important elements of learning are in focus and that the assumptions necessary for making a simulation workable are correct, which if not the simulation will determine the falsely kinds of skills. Entertainment games, on the other han d, allow players to focus on the fun parts and to use a number of techniques for simplifying the simulation actes. In serious games, Michael and Chen (2006) 9 argue, it may be important to re hazard the use of such simplifying techniques. For example, serious games should respond more to the conscious decisions made by players than to chance, and therefore sulfur may be inappropriate. Another example is communication, which often is perfect (i.e., without delays and misunderstandings, etc.) in entertainment games, whereas some serious training applications should rather reflect that communication precisely perfect.As with simulations and serious games, the distinction between entertainment games and serious games is not very clear either. It is evident that it is the goal of the first to entertain, and of the latter to educate/train/inform the player. However in some situations entertainment games are used for serious purposes as well. In addition to that serious game designers, researches argue that fun can be a crucial element to motivate a player to continue playing a serious game.SG and LearningThe recognition and toleration of games as learning technologies has helped educators in utilizing games as a means for providing serious learning opportunities for players.With games understood as learning technologies, the question arises as to whats different about the learning when games compared to that typically within schools.One of the more obvious differences resides with the control afforded to the learner as player, where the state of control is typically afforded to players in games and teachers in schools. Games, therefore, kick in a learner-centered approach to learning, whereas traditional education presents a teacher-centered approach.The other different is that in games it is up to players to construct for themselves, their own knowledge, whereas in the latter, it is up to teachers to transfer knowledge to the learner. So the two processes of t eaching and learning can be argued as quite different. Learning can be understood as a process whereby learners active construct knowledge through experience and interaction, whereas teaching traditionally is a process by which teachers distribute knowledge to learners through transmissionThe design of serious games games with a focus on education should be about creating meaningful experiences and activities for players, rather than a means for transmitting knowledge from the game to the playerSerious Games and GamificationSerious games and gamification are both trying to solve a problem, motivate people, and promote learning using game-based thinking and techniques.Serious games tend to take the approach of using a game within a well-defined game space, while gamification tends to take the use of a game outside of a defined space and apply the concept to items like walking up steps piano stairs.So we can say that serious games are created by using game-based chemical mechanism, p hilosophy, and game thinking to engage people, motivate action, promote learning, and solve problems. In other words, they are created through the gamification of traditional learning content. 8, 11, 13Serious Games Attributes flat after defining serious game and discuss it, in relation to other related concept, we need to highlight some of the common game attributes that must be taken in consideration when developing it .These are some suggested attributes by Anne Derryberry 14Back-story and story line Every game has a story upon which it is based, and a story line that it follows, even if inferred. The story line is not the game play itself, but rather the rationale for the game play.Game mechanics These adhesive friction all the specific functions within a game, including such things as how the games physical world behaves in-game weather and the actions a character takes when given a command.Rules The corollary to game mechanics are the rules of the game ,the constraints in gam e play that exist on every players actions and abilitiesImmersive graphical environment This is the sensory representation of the experience layer of the game, including 2D/3D graphics, sound, and animation. This environment can be static (it resets at the end of each player session) or persistent (it continues to evolve even when a player isnt logged in).Interactivity This focuses on the impact a players actions have on the world and includes issues of persistence and player interactionChallenge/ disputation This is at the heart of any game. The competition might be against the game, against ones self, or against other players.Risks and consequences These must attend every challenge, but they exist in the safe game environment where the consequences of an action or decision do not impact the real world.Serious Games AdvantagesThe idea of using games for work and in workplace generates a lot of excitement and evoke to both employer and employees. This excitement is a result of the advantages games. Some of this advantageous are as follows 15Engagement Games are compelling and maybe addictive and the engagement it produces is heavy to match with other training methods.Games feel safe Games provide a safe place to practice, where learners know they will not be penalized for their mistakes. Playing games can be a safe place to try different approaches, to experiment, and to make mistakes and to fail.Reduce Cost and Complexity of training The cost of developing game is usually lower than cost of other types of training.Get direct feedback It is often possible for the educator to watch or replay complex learner actions during the game, something that would be arduous to achieve in a real-life demo.Situated cognition Games are potent partly because the learning takes place within a meaningful (to the game) context. What you must learn is directly related to the environment in which you learn and demonstrate it thus, the learning is not only relevant but applied and practiced within that context By researcher Van Eck,The most common application areas for Serious Games areHealth Care Applications range from patient treatment to health education for medical practitioners. As an example of SG in medical staff training, haptic technology provides people a sense of touch in computer-generated environments 16.Military/ administration Using game-based simulations, the military saves significant amounts of money, cutting expenditures in fuel, ammunition, maintenance, and so on. In addition, games are generally orders of magnitude safer than live training while still offer significantly realistic and useful training experiences. For example, Americas Army AME 05 17Corporate The use of games in the corporate environment represents one of the fastest growing sectors of the serious games industry. Companies like IBM, CISCO and other technically savvy companies already use simulations and games to motivate staff to learn specific job-related skills 18 Games for Good Games for Good leverages game mechanics for hearty benefit. Games created for this segment of the industry hope to teach, train or simply generate awareness of a topic, an issue or a societal problem, therefore creating permute in thinking, actions or attitudes. Ex Games that teach young people to become globally conscious citizens, contributing their own solutions to social issues 18Education Games are ever-changing the way children learn, helping them think differently and stimulating new ways people of all ages can use their minds.Limitations of Serious GamesAlthough games can be effective learning environments, not all games are effective, nor are all games educational. Similarly, not all games are good for all learners or for all learning outcomes. By- Diana Oblinger, 2006Some of the possible issues that may limit Serious Games benefits and that need to be considered are as followsPlaying the game becomes more important than the learningCost of producing a gam e exceeds learning return on investmentGame takes a long time to produce and is ineffective at trainingGame too easy or too hardLearning curve to start playing game is too high for the target audienceLearner remembers game but not contentOther learning tools may be more effectiveInformation incomplete or inaccurate in the gameThe game is too difficult to maintain or keep up to dateKeys to Success in Serious GamesHow to make it work? How to ensure the purpose of the serious game is achieved? Suggesting here some tips to make serious games achieve its purpose and get the ultimate desired result. 19, 20, 21Know your target audience volume are different and so can be learners who will like different types of games, so its recommended to provide more than one game, targeted to different audiences as to incubate the different needs of people.Focus in on specific objectives and outcomes Choose a game that supports the learning objectives and content, but balance this with the requirement s of game play.Dont make the game too easy Easy learning games do not produce good learning outcomes. Learners are more likely to remember when things go wrongUse competition and/or collaboration As competition motivates learners and collaboration allows social learning that is effective in motivating behavioral change.Test Even the simplest games can have unexpected faults.Consider having learners create their own games This can be useful exercises because it requires the student to think through the subject thoroughly and think of challenges they may like to have.Future ResearchHow to prove that Serious Games business is really worth it and how to calculate the ROI? I believe this is one of the hardest question approach serious games, as such a 11 relationship between a game and a desired outcome is often hard to tease out in something as nebulous as diversity training.Another interesting search area will be a Customized Serious Games design represents a new, complex area of desi gn for the game world. Where designers have unique opportunities to make a significant contribution to game design, by organizing game play to focus on changing, in a predefined way, the beliefs, skills, and/or behaviors of those who play the game, while preserving the entertainment aspects of the game experience all based on different users needs.ConclusionThe fact that games are part of our everyday life in one way or another cannot be ignored and examples can transform from our direct gaming plays a game on your smart phone or online using your social network profile with your direct intent to play to indirect gaming collecting points via grocery shop cards without your intent to play.Games main goal is entertainment, but they have more universal applicability that gave particular functions in various aspects of everyday life. Which produce Serious Games, the games that are intended to not only entertain users, but have additional purposes such as education and training. They c an be similar to educational games, but are primarily focused on an audience outside of primary or supplementary education. Serious Games can be of any genre and many of them can be considered a kind of edutainment, but the main goal of a serious game is not to entertain, though the potential of games to engage is often an important aspect of the choice to use games as a teaching tool.When deciding to use a game for training, its important to clearly state your learning objectives and to determine exactly what advantages the game will provide to the player. If the game is too easy or too hard, or does not focus on the objectives, it may simply waste the learners time. Depending on the type of game you intend to use, you may need to go through a substantial testing phase to ensure success.A serious game is usually a simulation which has the look and feel of a game, but is actually a simulation of real-world events or processes. The main goal of a serious game is usually to train or educate users. Furthermore, in order to stimulate the learning effect of the players/trainees experiments, direct feedback from the game on the actions of the players is essential. Designing effective, engaging serious games requires theoretical understanding of learning, cognition, emotion, and play.

Iodine Clock Reaction: Kinetic Study

one Clock Reaction Kinetic StudyThe install of answer with respect to I was hardened to be 1 and the order of response for was determined to be 1. This was determined through the Method of sign Rates. The elapsed time it took for the response to occur was enter as were the concentrations of the reactants. This helped us derive the order of each reactant which helped us find the overall order which was 2. This helped us derive the specific score constant, k, which was 1.93 x.IntroductionThe localize of reaction is a positive quantity that expresses how the concentration of a reactant or product transports with time. As the reactant(s) decrease the product increases/is formed as demonstrated in the chemical reaction A+B C.ReactantsProducts0The rate of reaction, too known as rate expression, can be in the form ofR=kA B 1The rate equation is expressed as a mathematical relationship describing the dependence of reaction rate upon the concentration of the reactants. The hig her the concentration of starting materials (reactants), the more apace a reaction would take place. The lower the concentration of starting materials, the slower a reaction would take place, therefore proving that the reaction rate depends upon the concentration of the reactants.R in equation 1 represents the rate of the reaction in terms of the increase in concentration of products divided by the time it took for the change to occur. k,unlike R, is independent of e actually other(a) quantities and remains the very(prenominal). It is known as the rate constant. The bracketed unit represents the concentrations of the reactants, A and B. The exponent in front of the brackets represents the sum of the concentration pertaining to A and B and is defined as the order of the reaction. The order of the reaction is determined only through means of experimentation. The overall sum of all the exponents is known as the total order.The order of a reaction provides the amount of steps it tak es a reactant to form a product. The slowest step in the process is called the rate controlling step and it has a molecularity that must constitute the overall reaction. For example if the rate controlling step is one, the overall reaction is first order if it were three, the overall reaction will be third order. and so it can provide the amount of molecules colliding and how the reaction will carry out.The rate of the reaction can also be influenced, as is in this case, by other factors such as temperature, a catalyst, and an enzyme. Concentration is not the only factor that influences the rate of reaction.In this experiment the rate, k, and the order of the reactions were determined by the Method of Initial Rates and will be influenced by a starch (catalyst). In this method, the rates are going to be recorded for a number of reactions with a different concentration but will hold the constant. The reaction that is being observed is that between the persulfate ion, , and iodide io n, I being measured in t seconds as reaction occurs.Generalized rate expressionR = kI 2Experimental MethodsPipetGraduated CylinderSmall Test TubeI SolutionKCl settlement(N)2 SolutionNa2Starch SolutionBeakerIceWater BathThermometerKI SolutionChemicalsChemicalFormulaMolar WeightAmmonium Persulfate(N)2228.18g/molIodineI 126.904g/molPotassium IodideKI166.002 g/molSodium ThiosulfateNa2158.108 g/molPotassium ChlorideKCl74.551 g/molAmmonium Sulfate(N)2132.14 g/molProceduresPart A. Dependence of Reaction Rate on Concentration7 to 8mL of KI, (N)2, and Na2s were measured.7 to 8mL of KCl and (N)2 bases were measured with a graduated cylinder.Look at hold over 1.ReactantThe condition volume(s) of KI (and KCl) solvings were pipeted into a small test tube which was used as the reaction container.1.00mL of 0.005 M Na2was pipeted into the small tube and 2 drops of starch solution were added.A thermometer was wherefore inserted into the reaction container. The specified volumes of (N)2 and ( N)2were then pipeted into a separate test tube.Persulfate solution was then poured from the test tube into the reaction tube.The solution was then swirled as to mix soundly. The time at which the solutions were mixed and the time required to turn the solution blue were recorded.Observed time.After solution appeared the temperature was recordedThe tubes were rinsed thoroughly between experiments and each experiment was reproduced.Part B. Dependence of Reaction Rate on TemperatureReaction (3) was carried out at the temperatures specified in Table 2. The same concentration as in Experiment 2 of table 1 was used.Table 2. Iodine Clock Reaction and TemperatureExperimentTemperature, C2 board temperature410 above way of life Temperature510 below Room Temperature6About 0 or 20 below Room Temp.Instead of mixing at room temperature, the two test tubes were placed in a beaker of water heated with a water bath to the in demand(p) temperature.A thermometer was then placed in the reaction tube. After several minutes at the specified temperature, the two solutions were mixed by pouring the solution from the persulfate test tube into the reaction tube, which was kept in the water bath.Swirl the tubes.The times of mixing and when the color change occurs and the temperature at the time of color change was recorded. The experiment may be repeated if time permits.DisposalAll solutions of reactions product are classified as non-hazardous and were flushed down the sink with outpouring water. Unused reactant may be disposed in waste container.Observations The time it took for the solutions to change colors varied according to the rate law equation. As the temperature was raised, the reaction occurred quicker. As the temperature was cooler, the reaction took longer.DiscussionThroughout this experiment we were trying to find the order of reaction pertaining to I and . This experiment also illustrated the many ways that the rate of reaction can be influenced. As the temperature was raised we saw the solution being changed at a quicker rate. As it was cool it took longer. This experiment also affirm what was said of the rate of reaction being directly proportional to the concentration the higher the concentration, the quicker the reaction.Sources of ErrorThere were several possible sources of error. When the group started attaining the specified volumes of the solutions we had misread the instructions several times and may have gotten the wrong amounts. We eventually got the amounts right, but there might have been residue from the other concentrations that were in there before. Another possible source of error could have been the amount of ice that was in the container. Even though it was possibly just a very small amount of extra nice that wasnt needed, that could have influenced the time the reaction occurred.ConclusionThe order of the reactions pertaining to I and were obtained. The order of reaction pertaining to pertaining to I was 1 and the order of reaction pertaining to was also 1. The overall reaction order was 2. This helped us find the specific rate constant, k, which was 1.93 x .

Issues in the UK: Gender Pay Gap, UK Underclass and Racism

Issues in the UK sexual urge Pay Gap, UK Underclass and RacismWhat is the gender turn over opening and wherefore does it occur?Gender pay gap has been a contentious discharge for the last two decades, the recent the inter do main(prenominal)al wo custodys day celebration brought the issue into spotlight. Gender pay gap simply the differences in wages paying(a) to men and women. The advocate of gender pay gap argued that men ar paid more(prenominal) money than women for the same job, in other word, it is immoral and create dissimilarity in the society. The cent study conducted by the European Union bursting charge on pay structure across the member states indicated that the main cause of gender pay gap is the way women competencies are measured against men. For instance, jobs that are require hold skills or qualification are undervalued and poorly paid because they are dominated by women. In addition, jobs in the construction companies are dominated by men and the wages s tructure is higher when compared to jobs want cleaning, cooking or even nursing. This is because employers judge people based on their physicality in this jobs or else than the skills and knowledge of the employer. Another example, is most individual(a) that works as a cashier in the supermarket are women, while men tends to work in the warehouse, stacking delay and other role that require physical ability, the comparison is the women are pay less because they work on the till compared to men that are involved in physical delegate.Drolet and Mumford (2011) indicated that gender pay gap is influenced by different factors much(prenominal) as variety, stereotyping, family and societal factors. The scholar argued that most women are likely to work in part- fourth dimension compared to men because they bugger off to undertake other roles such as caring for their children, parent or taking an unpaid job in the society. Hence, because of their arrangeed commitment to work, it is d ifficult for them to attain managerial roles. The Office for National Statistic figures on earning in 2016 shows that 26% of women earn less than men which indicated that women in full m employment earn less than men by 5,732. Rubery(2015) suggested that gender pay gap is caused by the kind of occupation and industry were women seek work. He argued that women are more commitment to health and companionable tutelage organisations because they are good with been compassionate and empathy compared with scientific or high tech industries that nurture and pay their employees more for their expertise. Most of the employees of high tech organisations are dominated by men because of the long hours and commitment required for their role.There are many factors that causes gender pay gap, and it essential to have an in-depth understanding of the causes of the problem in order to make any suggestions on how the government and organisation can work together to limit or eliminate pay contrari ety and stereotyping in our society. One of the main factor of gender pay gap is discrimination, and this could be direct or corroboratory discrimination. Some organisations prefer to employ men because they are more committed to their job, because of this, they pay them more money and more also, men do not ordinarily take time off to take care of their children or parents compared to women. Recent study conducted by Fawcett Society shows that women are unfairly especially when they return prat from maternity. A record number of women are forted to leave their job after having a baby because of poor treatment at work. (Fawcettsociety, 2017).Secondly, womens competences and skills are undervalued, men in the same or similarly role with the same qualification are paid more than women. For instance, Birmingham Council was staff officed to pay compensation to predominantly women workers such as cook, cleaners, care staff etc. because they were denied bonuses compared to men that wo rks as refuse collector, road workers and street cleaners. The bonus was based on the physical task of the role rather than the skill and knowledge of the individual. On other factor is that women take up more responsibilities that men when it comes to the society and caring. Women have to balance in the midst of taking care of their family and work, and tend to work part time because they share Unequal caring responsibilities with men. The argument is that women play a greater role in caring for children, as well as for sick or elderly relatives, as a result they take up mostly part time role that are generally lower paid job with limited progression opportunities (Fawcettsociety, 2017).The introduction of Equality Act 2010 has strengthened the right of women in the workplace. It is vile for an organisation to discriminate against an individual because of their gender or sex (Dawson, 2014). Likewise, either man or woman should be given equal of opportunity to go through their po tential. Meaning organisations or employers have to be flexible and consider that women play more role in the society such as taking care of their and parents, and make their job flexible and create a platform for them to progress to managerial role. It should not be based on the hour you put in, except the quality of the work.What is institutional racial discrimination in policing? How can we address this issue?The word institutional racial discrimination gain prominence during Macphersons report for the racist score of Stephen Lawrence. Although, it has been used extensively by some scholars study on racism in the past. The findings of the report indicated organisations especially in the public sectors is riddled with institutional racism such as stereotyping, fear and contempt for ordinary people especially a black people (Ray, Smith and Wastell, 1999).MacPherson refers to institutional racism as the embodied failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and profession al service to people because of their colour, glossiness, or ethnic origin, and went on to conclude, It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people (Ray, Smith and Wastell, 1999).According to Souhami (2012), stereotyping and discrimination are factors associated with institutional racism. It is about typecasting people because of their race, colour, religion or nationality. Regarding, Macpherson report, black people are not provided the same train of service provided to unobjectionable citizens by the police force because of the stereotyping approach employed by the Metropolitan police. Black citizens are classified as people with riddled with crime and medicates, which was one of the reason why Stephen Lawrence case was not taken seriously at the beginning. Hence, it can be argued that institutional racism is has link with stereotyping, ignorance of people and social inequality or diversity. inquiry has shown that United Kingdom one of the diverse and multicultural country in the world, however many institution including the police are yet to accurately invent the countrys diversity within their workforce, particularly at the managerial levels.Research conducted by Souhami (2012) on institutional racism and police reform an empirical critique, Policing and Society revealed that white applicant into the police force are more likely to get a better chance of getting job and progress to the managerial level compared to people from the minority class. In addition, the newly published data from the Office for National Statistic indicated that 32 of Britains 45 territorial police forces employed a greater proportion of white applicants that other ethnicity that identify themselves as being from a BAME background (Ons, 2017). The findings were supported by the Londons Metropolitan Police ch ief, Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe who pointed that police chiefs in both part of the country has to be held accountable for failing to recruit people of their groups of the society that can positively reflect the communities they serve (Dodd, 2017)Dealing with institutional racism requires wider effort of the public and private sectors, schools, communities by educating people about the importance of diversity, and learning to understand and respect others people beliefs, culture or value. To mitigate against institutional racism in the police, the organisation has to embark on training their workforce on the importance of equality and diversity in the society. More also, the police force need to deploy a recruitment and selection process that will allow underrepresented groups to have a chance of getting employment and progression to the ranking(prenominal) level of management in the police force. An independent body should also handle the complaints against the police for any investig ation about racism or discrimination is transparency and credible in order to gain back the trust of the public. Officers that displayed violent behaviour against black people or other ethnicity should be prosecuted and spunk the consequences of their actions. In regard to the figures of ethnicity in the police force, the management should create progression route for minorities that apply to join the police for them to be part of the management, training and organic evolution to enhance their skills.Additionally, positive steps should be taken to drive recruitment of underrepresented groups in order to reflect the diversity of the nation. Continuous training should be provided on equality and diversity for new and current employees to promote equality and diversity in the police force. To reform and create a dynamic workforce, the police force can set up a cultural day whereby employees are encouraged to bring their traditional food, wear their attires and share their cultures an d values with their peers. This will encourage police force employees to understand diversity in their own practice which can be demonstrated in the public.Does the UK have an underclass?Recently, thither have been a lot of debates about social inequality and closing off in the UK political relation. Social inequality is described the extent to which there are differences between groups in society (Amin and Sabermahani, 2017). It occurs in employment, life expectancy, access to education, business loans, mortality or morbidity rate. Some groups of the society are faced with the issues of struggle with social inequality in the sense that they do not have access to the same opportunity like others. The London riot in August 2011 was caused by social inequality because most the rioters came from poor and deprived areas with limited opportunity, lack of education and neighbourhood blighted with drugs (Liu and Bloom, 2006). The findings show that most of rioters came from neighbourhoods which were ethnically diverse or fractionalized. By going the definition of underclass by Lawrence M. Mead, in his book Beyond Entitlement, underclass as group of people who are poor and behaviourally deficient, the rioters fit into this course (Mead, 1998). However, been poor does not necessarily mean an individual will have behaviour problems. The case of rioters as underclass was caused by social inequality and isolation by the government. In Britain, the media hep to promote the image of an underclass as someone on benefit that have cultivated the culture of poverty and laziness. Programmes like Benefits Britain Life on The Dole, Benefits Street, Skint and Saints and Scroungers help also help to promote the idea of an underclass by providing real world examples and images (Donaldson, 2014)The word underclass is an ambiguous, wise(p) and subjective. According to Myrdal (1982), a Swedish social scientist refers to underclass as the class of unemployed, unemployables, and unempl oyed who are more and more hopelessly set apart from the nation at large and do not share in its life, its ambitions and its achievements. Mead (1998) defines underclass as a group that is poor and behaviourally deficient. He describes the underclass as dysfunctional. The underclass group are usually delineated and associated with people that have low aspirations, unemployed, lazy, have criminal record and poorly educated as well as coming from a family with instability and drug and alcohol addictions. However, the so call underclass group in Britain tend to have experience various forms of inequality and disadvantage in the labour market. They are very low wages, live in deprived areas with less opportunity and some end been addicted to drug because of low self-esteem.Murray (2008), in his book Losing Ground argued that welfare dependency has encouraged the break-up of the nuclear family household, and socialisation into a counter-culture which devalues work and encourages dependen cy and criminality.Lewis (2000) on the other hand, believes that culture of poverty is part of the coping strategies by which the poorest of the poor managed to survive. He argued that once an individual embrace this culture, it is difficult for them to break from it, hence making such individual to be an underclass. The scholar view culture of poverty as historically specific, emerging out of the problems of societal transition and the breakdown of the social order in an industrial/capitalist society. The culture of poverty theory states that living in conditions of pervasive poverty will lead to the development of a culture or subculture adapted to those conditions. This culture is characterized by pervasive feelings of helplessness, dependency, marginality, and powerlessness (Lewis, 2000).However, In Britain, the underclass group live in deprived areas of the country where there is less opportunity, less jobs, community is usually faced with drug and alcohol addiction as well as people with low self-esteem and peer pressure from there be part of the same group. Did they bring this problem up themselves? Wilson (2012) argued that Wilson argues that when communities experience widespread joblessness, they experience a social isolation that excludes them from the job network system. Wilson (2012) indicated that the main issue facing members of the underclass is joblessness reinforced by an increasing social isolation in an impoverished neighbourhood. They not only suffer from lower socioeconomic status, minimal education, and lack of opportunities, but they are further victimized by a lack of community safeguards and resources.The UK government help to create underclass group in the society because of social inequality, lack of opportunity and equality for certain group of people. They were seen as a problem group and given handout to concur satisfied without any real hope of integration into the main stream of the society. There are many factors to the prob lem, institutional racism where some people or individual typecast as not fit for purpose, stereotyping and lack of equality and diversity in every spectrum of the society. So yes, UK have an underclass group.ReferencesAtiba Goff, P. and Barsamian Kahn, K. (2012). Racial prepossession in Policing Why We Know Less Than We Should. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), pp.177-210.Dawson, T. (2014). Collective Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap in the Printing Industry. Gender, Work Organization, 21(5), pp.381-394.Dodd, V. (2017). Bernard Hogan-Howe to call back as Met police commissioner. online the Guardian. Available at https//www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/29/sir-bernard-hogan-howe-to-retire-as-met-police-commissioner Accessed 8 Mar. 2017.Drolet, M. and Mumford, K. (2011). The Gender Pay Gap for Private-Sector Employees in Canada and Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(3), pp.529-553.Fawcettsociety.org.uk. (2017). describe a Website Cite This For Me. onli ne Available at http//www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/policy-research/the-gender-pay-gap/ Accessed 8 Mar. 2017.Lewis, O. (2000). Five families Mexican case studies in the culture of poverty. 1st ed. New York, NY Basic Books.Mead, L. (1998). The new politics of poverty. 1st ed. New York, NY Basic Books.Murray, C. (2008). Real education. 1st ed. New York Crown Forum.Myrdal, G. (1982). Beyond the welfare state. 1st ed. Westport, Conn. Greenwood Press.Neyroud, P. (2014). Policing Facts and Policing Evidence System 1 and System 2. Policing, 8(2), pp.93-95.Ons.gov.uk. (2017). Gender pay gap by age in the UK- Office for National Statistics. onlineAvailableathttps//www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/genderpaygapbyageintheuk Accessed 8 Mar. 2017.Ray, L., Smith, D. and Wastell, L. (1999). The Macpherson Report A View from Greater Manchester. Sociological Research Online, 4(4).Rubery, J. (2015). resolution the Gender Pay Gap in the EU. Intereconomics, 50(2), pp .62-63.Souhami, A. (2012). Institutional racism and police reform an empirical critique. Policing and Society, 24(1), pp.1-21.Wilson, W. (2012). Truly Disadvantaged. 1st ed. Chicago University of Chicago Press.

Article Review (entertainment) :: essays research papers

On the Money, an bind written by Allison Hope Weiner, is a brief article written as an effort to help explain the contr everyplacesy surrounding the celebrity telethon that was held almost three months ago. The telethon, America A Tribute to Heroes, ended up receiving donations totaling an estimated one hundred and fifty million dollars all put into a fund overseen by the United Way, called the September 11th Fund. This fund has received over three hundred and forty million dollars all from donators.The controversy of the telethon arises with the distribution of the bills. During the telethon, celebrities were stating that all of the money donated would go directly to the victims of September 11 and their families. Even though the charity supporting the event, the United Way, relinquished their administrative costs, the other organizations that were awarded donated money did use some of the donations to pay for their operating costs. The other controversial issue that is explained in this article is length of time taken to deliver the donated money to the victims of the national tragedy. The article explains that it takes time for charities to give money to disaster victims. Plans must be in place for who obtains the money and how much they receive. The last controversial issue examined in this article is the celebrities who encouraged people to donate to this fund and their role in how the money is spent. Bill OReilly has accused the celebrities of using the telethon to improve their public image instead of helping the victims of September 11. He also states that if celebrities put more public press on the charities involved they would be better organized and aid the victims further.I believed that this article was important to the entertainment industry in the segment of celebrity endorsements. When celebrities, such as George Clooney and Julia Roberts that are idolized by the American public, endorse a product, or give their opinion on a controversial s ubject, they usually reach a following of their fans that agree with them. People tend to trust celebrities and their opinions on subjects. This very great power was illustrated well during the telethon in discussion. When this power is misused or used to benefit the celebrity at the cost of victims of a horrible tragedy, the public image of the celebrities involved becomes marred. During this telethon, many celebrities told us that one hundred percent of the money donated would go directly to the victims of September 11.

You Will Always be in My Heart :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Anthony,I just wanted to thank you for any that you support d unitary for me. I dont think you realize how overmuch you inspire me and I am so proud of the person youve become and are still becoming. I understand youve been through a lot and you havent make the best choices, but I can enchant that you have grown. Truth soundy, Ive known from the first time I met you to now, that you were a strong person.You are so full of wisdom about life that when you speak I could stay there forever and listen to your open mind, for it is peaceful and inviting. Anthony, you have become my awakening, you have wait oned me see things in a brighter way, happier, and more enlightening way. I was once drowning from my own fears, completely cynical about love, hope, and security. I used to think that no one understood me and never would. Then one day before I knew you personally, you came into my thoughts and I wasnt sure why you were there. Suddenly I felt reassured and a smile was brought to my face. I believe deep down that I loved you then.When I got to know you better a year later I realize I wasnt alone and that something inside of you was what constantly brought tears to my own eyes. I went through a time in my life where I felt nugatory and unloved and I continuously searched for happiness. I wasnt getting along with my family, and my friends were all hating each other, leaving me in the middle, stressfully trying to pull things together. You made me laugh and impart everything that was going on. That year you became my escape, my survival. I dont think I could have made it through as strong as I did if it werent for you.Anthony, I thank you for all the fun times we have spent together even if they were short lived. Over the years I have come to the conclusion that you must have been an angel sent by God to help me grieve and become a strong willed woman because no one has ever been able to help me see the light like you could. Clouds of darkness shadowed over me no matter what anyone else would say, but you made me smile with just your presence. You didnt have to say a word everything was okay when you were beside me.