japanese internment :: essays research papers

47 - (2x) Death Monster48 - (3x) Chimera Hawk49 - Luther sequenceII old-timer Fights / Forced Battles - Aquatic Gardens of SurferioA.1 - Sculpture Lord and (2x) Sculpture GuardIII Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Ancient Ruins of Mosel UndergroundR.1 - Amoeba GiantR.2 - Aurora MonsterR.3 - ticker TrioIV Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Maze of TribulationsM.1 - RenderM.2 - SuccubusM.3 - Basilisk KingM.4 - 9 Sets of Aqua WispsM.5 - Earth DragonM.6 - SpringerM.7 - AleiM.8 - Mighty VoxM.9 - SootieM.10 - spirit level 8 MinibossesM.11 - Gabriel CelestaV Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Sphere 211 (Floors 101 - 211)S.1 - Norton Redux (floor 101)S.2 - Enraged Crosell (floor 115)S.3 - Shadow Dragon (floor 126)S.4 - Vengeful Shelby (floor 137)S.5 - Frenzied Biwig (floor 147)S.6 - Green Thing (floor 159)S.7 - Arch fanatic (floor 170)S.8 - Angry Azazer and Raging Belzeber (floor 181)S.9 - Furious Berial (floor 192)S.10 - Super Blair (floor 200)S.11 - Lenneth (floor 210)S.12 - Ethereal Queen (flo or 211)S.13 - FreyaVI Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Urssa Cave TempleU.1.1 - Albel and RomeroU.1.2 - Nel and ZortoU.1.3 - Peppita and Hodge PodgeU.1.4 - Roger and FarbnilU.2 - Fayt + Whoever he was paired with in the endingVII AlbelAl.1 - Albel 2Al.2 - Albel 3Al.3 - Albel 4VIII Gemity ArenaG.1 - Reigning Champions===============================================================================Abbreviations and Introduction In===============================================================================Abbreviations-AAA Anti-Attack Aura. There are two main types of approach shots in this game Strong and Weak. If a weak struggle is launched at a target that is at 100% fury, the attack will be guarded and an Anti-Attack Aura emitted. There are a variety of Anti-Attack Auras in stock(predicate) in the game, but the best overall is the first one you get, called Standard. It simply emits a beam towards the attacker that, when it hits, causes Stun. On the other hand, a Strong attack lau nched a target with 100% fury will break the targets guard and reduce its fury to 50%. The terms "AAA" and "guard" are interchangeable.-HP gain ground points Consumed when using physical battle skills. You die (are "incapacitated") when your HP reaches 0. The same is true for enemies.-MP Magic points Consumed when using magical battle skills and Spells (Symbology). You die (are "incapacitated") when your MP reaches 0. The same is true for enemies. This leads to some interesting options against foes with high HP but low MP.===============================================================================IntroductionI wanted a comprehensive faq for every oneness "forced" battle in the game.

Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: Denied Talent :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

The Picture of Dorian Gray   Harry is Pan, the piper who leads Dorian on his path to destruction, decadence, and moral decay. As with Pan, the merry and much-loved god, the victim of the gods attention does not fare well. As Pan had Syrinx and Echo, Harry has Dorian. Pan caused madness and consternation with his passions Harry seems to have had the same result with Dorian. Wilde reveals much of Harrys character in the writing. His is the predominant voice he delivers most of the dialogue. Is Harry the autobiographical character? He is shown as the clever, witty, blasé sophisticate jaded, bored, and poised for an interesting project. Enter Dorian, whose innocence and yellowish pink present an irresistible challenge. Before Harry, Dorian was unaware of his beauty. The sense of his own beauty came on him like a revelation. He had never felt it before. (p. 18) It is Harry who makes him see and fall in love with his own beauty, and realize the brevity of youth. so had com e Lord Henry Wotton with his strange panegyric on youth, his terrible warning of its brevity. (p. 18) In the space of an afternoon Harry has cast his spell Dorian is convinced that youth is the only thing worth having. The gods had an unfortunate lapse in their wisdom. While Sibyl and her fellow goddesses asked for pure(a) life but forgot to ask for eternal youth, Pan has it right- the object of his affection will never become ugly and grotesque. Harry toys with Dorian, takes pleasure in his game. Talking to him was like playing upon an exquisite violin. He answered to every touch and thrill of the bowThere was something terribly enthralling in the exercise of influence. No other activity was like it. (p. 26) This becomes a satisfying entertainment for Harry. He creates and dominates. He would make that wonderful spirit his own. (p. 27) He projects his soul into the pure and graceful form that is Dorian. The tension between Harry and Dorian heightens he fascinates and is refl ected to a greater extent brilliant by Dorians gaze. He felt that the eyes of Dorian Gray were fixed on him, and the consciousness that amongst his audience there was one whose temperament he wished to fascinate, seemed to give his wit keenness, and to lend colour to his imagination.

The Importance of Recycling :: Environment Ecology Essays Papers

The Importance of RecyclingRecycling is an important project everyone should be part of. If we do not cycle many landfills where we put garbage will be filled up faster and we will use more of our natural resources to make the products we could have do from recycled material. My entire life people have been standing over my shoulder making sure I am recycling everything possible. In high educate we had huge recycling bins all over the entire school. Down every hall there was a regular garbage dissolve, a garbage can for pop cans, and a bin for paper products and glass bottles. It was important to everyone that garbage was disposed of in the proper places. First of all we have all been taught that this was the grant thing to do and secondly out of common courtesy. We k spick-and-span that our janitors would take the time to move cans and glass bottles from the wrong trash bins to the correct ones. I was a itsy-bitsy surprised and disappointed with the recycling bins plac ed in my dorm, Patterson. There are three huge garbage cans and one tiny recycling bin. The bin is precisely large enough to hold about six cans or bottles. It does not promote recycling very well, not to mention that it is usually filled with new garbage bags used to replace the bags in the large garbage cans. So even if you want to recycle something there is no room. The book Great Expectations taught me to bop the environment more. The characters in this book took great pride in caring for the gardens and the land around the house. The hired boy would work on the land a lot and it became like his home also. He and the people who lived in this house cared about the land and its appearance. They loved to go back there after they were big(a) and walk around. I believe everyone should take time to appreciate the environment around him or her and find the beauty in it. It is also everyones play to pitch in and take care of our environment to keep it beautiful.

The River Runs Through It :: essays research papers

The Water is Wide takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the figure of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many a(prenominal) people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroys goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the childrens lives.Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something dark she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberrys. The Skimberrys were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida.When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children ov er to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could trick or treat. None of the kids even knew what trick or treating was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to sustain in the outside world.I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I as well as like the musical mode Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they play ed so roughly.

The Theme of Love in Poetry Essay -- Love Poetry Poems Robert Browning

The Theme of Love in PoetryI have chosen to compare four poesys, the first virtuoso is PorphyriasLover. It is pen by Robert Browning who died in 1889. The secondpoem, My Last Duchess, is also by Robert Browning. Browning was agreat poet in the Victorian age and married Elizabeth Barratt. The terce poem is called First Love. It is written by John Clare(1793-1864). The final poem is Ballad. It is an anonymous poem asno-one knows who wrote ballads. This is because they are word of mouthand are passed down by dint of many generations going through minorchanges severally time and therefore by the end they become a completelydifferent poem to the one in the beginning.The three poets write about the very(prenominal) theme but, as expected, have manydifferences and similarities with each other in their writingtechniques. Obviously, the two poems by Robert Browning will be verysimiliar to each other. Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess areboth written from a mans point of view . This sh ows that Browning hasused the same approach to both of the poems. Maybe he wants to make apoint of men not always being listened to and so writes both poemswith a slanted interpretation of the event.Porphyrias Lover is about a girl named Porphyria who seduces a manwho is possesive and undoubtedly insane. Some of the techniques included in Porphyrias Lover are Pathetic Fallacy, endstopped lines, personification,metaphors and en jambement. The poem begins using pathetic fallacy(the weather and atmosphere outside reflect the girls sprightlinessings) andpersonification of the wind, The sullen wind was soon awake, to setthe scene.Straight away we feel edgy around this man because he says, Ilistened with heart fit to ... ...ou are in one of thecharacters positions and that you understand exactly how they feel. En jambement gives a sense of disorder. It becomes alike regular if only endstopped lines are used in the poem although it does control difficultexplanations.The obvious differe nce between all the poems, is the structure andregular euphony and rhyme patterns. Porphyrias Lover is constructed using alternate rhyming lines with roughly eight syllables to each line whereas My Last Duchess is written in rhyming couplets with tensyllables to each line. As these patterns are even, they create asense of balance and control within the poem, especially if the lines are endstopped. If on the otherhand, there is en jambement present, the poem is hush effective and probably even more so because it adds abit of life and irregularity instead of the constant even beat.

The Theme of Love in Poetry Essay -- Love Poetry Poems Robert Browning

The Theme of Love in PoetryI have chosen to comp atomic number 18 four poems, the first one is Porphyrias caramel. It is create verbally by Robert brown who died in 1889. The secondpoem, My Last Duchess, is also by Robert Browning. Browning was agreat poet in the Victorian age and married Elizabeth Barratt. Thethird poem is called First Love. It is written by John Clare(1793-1864). The final poem is Ballad. It is an anonymous poem asno-one knows who wrote ballads. This is because they are word of mouthand are passed down through many generations liberation through minorchanges each time and therefore by the end they become a completelydifferent poem to the one in the beginning.The ternion poets write virtually the same theme but, as expected, have manydifferences and similarities with each other in their writingtechniques. Obviously, the two poems by Robert Browning result be verysimiliar to each other. Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess are twain written from a mans point of view . This shows that Browning hasused the same approach to both of the poems. Maybe he wants to make apoint of men not always being listened to and so writes both poemswith a biased interpretation of the event.Porphyrias Lover is about a girl named Porphyria who seduces a manwho is possesive and undoubtedly insane. Some of the techniques included in Porphyrias Lover are Pathetic Fallacy, endstopped lines, personification,metaphors and en jambement. The poem begins using sorrowful fallacy(the weather and atmosphere outside reflect the girls feelings) andpersonification of the wind, The sullen wind was soon awake, to setthe scene.Straight away we feel edgy near this man because he says, Ilistened with heart fit to ... ...ou are in one of thecharacters positions and that you understand exactly how they feel. En jambement gives a sense of disorder. It becomes too regular if save endstopped lines are used in the poem although it does control difficultexplanations.The obvious diffe rence between all the poems, is the structure andregular rhythm and rhyme patterns. Porphyrias Lover is constructed using alternate rhyming lines with roughly eight syllables to each line whereas My Last Duchess is written in rhyming couplets with tensyllables to each line. As these patterns are even, they create asense of balance and control within the poem, especially if the lines are endstopped. If on the otherhand, there is en jambement present, the poem is still effective and credibly even more so because it adds abit of life and irregularity instead of the constant even beat.

For What Reasons Did the Coalition Government Abolish Police?

For what reasons did the Coalition G overnment abolish law politics in 2012? What problems do you think atomic number 18 raised by the launch of elected Police and aversion directi oners? This essays objective is to take into consideration the rationale of the Coalition authoritiess decision to flip-flop patrol authorities with elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC). A critique and a background of the constabulary authorities operations pull up stakes be discussed and evaluated. A brief history of policing before guard authorities were established go forth also be explored.Furthermore, the reasons why in that respect was a radical reform to PCCs will be debated and the problems that may arise. Policing has always been a challenging issue and it most likely will always be challenging. Sir Robert Peels scratch principle of policing stated The basic mission for which the police exist is to pr nonethelesst wickedness and disorder (Cited in Theresa, M 2010). There h as been an attempt to always get onto this. The only difference is how certain authorities or political mathematical crowds approach it. In the nineteenth century, autonomy and force were located in spite of appearance boroughs, local anestheticly.After a fewer attempts to try to centralise the police force and a few police corruption scandals which occurred in the 1950s, it was finally the time for the government to produce a centralised, professionalised group of senior police officers. In 1964, under the Police issue, these smaller, more manageable forces were to be known as police authorities. Their fictitious character was to secure the nutrition and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). However, the police authorities are now being re military postd by elected PCCs.The principal(prenominal) purpose of this reform is to restore the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading interlocking with local p olicing partners. This will boost the em rolement of local communities in criminal justness affairs. Beginning with a little history of how and why police authorities were introduced. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, police power was largely seen as a responsibility of local government, and police were overtopled by the appropriate local institution.The policing were in the hands of the local government and the boroughs of England and Wales, by whom ferociously protected the police powers exercised by their elected watch committees. These powers were symbolic of the citys independence, and police forces were crucial exercisers of executive power locally, concerning poor relief, licensing laws, the regulation of the streets, and the imposition of morality on the biotic community. The 1835 Municipal Corporations bear introduced democracy to the independent towns of England and Wales.The only compulsory statutory duty was to select a watch committee to puff the police force. The self-governing towns can be described as self-confident, prosperous and autonomous. . The committees had complete power over the activities and composition of their forces. (Citied in Brogden, M 1982). The government aimed at increasing centralisation within the police force but after a few attempts to intervene, they failed. The first attempt by the state to reduce the autonomy of the towns and cities came after the 1853 take up Committee on Police, which recommended extending compulsory police provision to all areas.The legal residence percentage were under no doubt that, the most efficient way to run each force would be to put it under the orders of Government. However, these recommendations from the folk Office had to be consulted with the opposition of the local government. In 1854 and 1856, the post Offices attempts to pass police bills that limit the rights of boroughs to control their own police forces were defeated by the borough. The bo roughs also had total autonomy and democratic control over operational decisions.The watch committees, tinting weekly, had the power to hire and fire members of their forces and were prepared to exercise it. (Citied in Emsley, C 1996). Further action was through with(p) by the Labour fitatives in the 1920s to gain centralisation. By 1939, Labour controlled 18 out of 83 county boroughs. The Home Office similarlyk increasing responsibility for producing a class of leaders for police forces, and thus intervened increasingly in matters of training, promotion and appointment. The Home Office also began to intervene more in the appointment of header Constables.The 1950s Whitehall introduced a policy of refusing to appoint any Chief Constable who had no experience in a different force this was clearly designed to create a more nationally homogenous and professionalised group of senior police officers. Since the increased effort for inquirement with the boroughs and watch committees, on that point was a growing demand of professionalism within the police. The boroughs had co-operated fully in modernising and homogenising the police forces, by dint of co-operative training and communication. Citied in Loveday, B 1994) Between 1919 and 1964, the state tried using efficiency, economy, and national security as reasons to centralise control, before successfully employing corruption to achieve this. The 1960 Royal Commission was actively steered by the Home Office along its own centralist agenda, resulting in the 1964 Police Act, subsuming city forces into counties. These were influenced by the nature of two policing scandals of the late 1950s, which gave the Home Office a convenient point of entry with which to attack the status quo. (Citied in (Ludtgarten, L 1986).Both scandals were cases of corruption within the boroughs, the Brighton Borough police force in 1957, where the knob constable and two officers were arrested and charged with a variety of corrupt practi ses, and in Labour- controlled Nottingham in 1958, where there was an investigation launched on Labour councillors and succeeded to prove that two advertise councillors and the Secretary of the District Labour Party had been bribed on a visit to East Germany. Events such as mentioned above involving corruption led to the boroughs finally losing their police powers completely.A royal commission on the police had been appointed in 1960 to review the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain, and in 1964, the Police Act was introduced. (Citied in Willams, C 2003). Returning to answering the question more straight off now, the Police Act of 1946 mirrored the interests of greater efficiency and greater central control over policing. It allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units, merging them into a more manageable number of 43 forces in England and Wales.The watch committees were replaced with police authorities. This crude system wa s characterized as the tripartite structure of police accountability. The tripartite system distributes responsibilities between the Home Office, the local police authority, and the honcho constable of the force. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). This tripartite system stomachs accountability to Parliament through the Home Secretary (who has responsibility for policing policy including centrally setting key priorities that are formalised within a National Policing Plan).Police Authorities were composed of councillors (two-thirds) and magistrates (one-third) and their role was to secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). To let go this duty they were provided with a number of specific and statutory responsibilities which included appointing and dismissing its senior officers, making sure arrangements are in place to consult the local community about the policing of their area and heir priorities, publish an annua l local policing plan and a best value performance plan, setting out the policing priorities, performance targets, and the parceling of resources, to publish a three-year strategy plan, which must be approved by the Home Secretary and monitor the performance of the force in delivering the policing plan. (Joyce, P 2011 118, 127). Although there constitute been issues raised about police authorities and these concerns will be brought to the surface, it can also be argued that police authorities deport constituently tried to provide an efficient and effective police force.This can be shown by all the legislation that has been introduced. The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, shoot all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003). The introduction of the policing pledge in 2008 by the Labour party, although it has been scrapped by the Coalition government, aimed at restoring public faith and to ensure the services being provided locally were adequate.Promises such as providing monthly local evil rates, answering all non-emergency calls promptly, providing information to the community on their Neighbourhood Policing Team i. e. where they are based, how to contact them and how to work with them were stated on this document, to increase community exponentiation and involvement. (Citied in The Policing Pledge, 2008). There has been placed a great deal of importance on empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement. There has been many green and light papers published to stand this.David Blunketts Civil Re impertinentlyal Agenda (2003) and David Camerons Big party Agenda (2010) has influenced trends towards community engagement, confident and cooperation within their several(prenominal) policing reform programmes continues. The agendas extensively focus on the responsibility of the government and e precise citizens efforts to strengthen communities, to re full of lifeise our democracy and to provide more power and fortune into wads hands and security for all. It is believed that the engagement of everyone is necessary to make that happen the government alone can non fix every problem.Furthermore, Sir Ronnie Flanagan conducted the report of The Review of Policing in 2008. Flanagan stated that involving local communities in political decision-making processes is crucial and delivering in partnerships, developing the workforce and improving performance at force levels. (Flanagan, 2008). As mentioned above, there were concerns regarding the police authorities. One of the main issues was that central control softend local police affairs power and authority. In the early 1980s, there were clashes between police authorities and chief constables relating to who would have the final say in busy activity.The reliance of the Home Office by chief constables tended to increase the power of the central government over local police arrangements. In addition, the introduction of the 1994 Police and Magistrates Courts Act enabled the Home Secretary to determine and set national objectives or priorties. This task was previously done by chief constables. Furthermore, the police areas would be assessed on their attainment by comparing to a set of performance targets. Empowerment, localisation, and decentralisation are clearly not desired. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003).Additionally, the situation continued to be aggravating as further developments such as the targets imposed by central government were elongated and became the key tool of performance management. Police forces had to deliver on activities, which were determined centrally. Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in 1998 to promote clarity in service delivery, once again centrally. This target regime led to the bulk of police work foc using on achieving the targets imposed on them, this made it impossible to concentrate on local concerns. This again suggests the central power undermining powers and authority locally.Also, it was suggested that centrally determined targets tend to distort priorties, tempting officers into using their tine in unproductive ways into directly diminutive performance figures (Loveday and Reid, 2003 19). Similarly, they created a counting culture within the police service whereby only what got measured got done (Loveday and Reid, 2003 22). Additional research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. Participants that were interviewed saw police authorities independence from the police force as very important.This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. If it was 100 per cent fully independent, then I think that would make a lot of difference to people, and I think they would feel a lot happier knowing that it was beingke pt an eye on. (Home Office 2003 19). However, many participants thought that police authorities did not appear to be independent enough, and this could undermine the communitys confidence and trust in them. There was a feeling in many groups that the number of independent members should increase or even that authorities should be composed completely of independent members.There were worries that the independent members might not have a fair say, as councillors and magistrates have an overall bulk on the authority. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). Youre paying.. its your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how its policed. (Home Office 2003 17). The community does seem to desire to get involved in the decision making, however when asked who made decisions about spending and who was responsible for the monitoring of police performance, there was very little spontaneous mention of police authorities. (Citied in Home Office, 2003).These findings suggest that police au thorities are not adequate or efficient enough, people living in the communities have very little knowledge of police authorities and the question is why? More should be done to advertise and involve the community in the decision making process of what happens in their communities. Their involvement would increase the confidence in the police and create a more crystalline community. Conversely, as the Coalition government scrapped the policing pledge, they also disposed police authorities in 2o12 and replaced them with elected police and crime commissioners (PCC).The Coalition government strongly believed that it was vital to replace bureaucratic accountability from central government to democratic accountability to the public. PCCs will make forces truly accountable to the communities they serve, ensuring that resources are properly targeted to where they are ask and giving the public a greater say in measures to reduce crime and improve community safety. The main aim of PCC was to put power directly in the hands of the public. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o10). The key powers of PCCs are to set the police force budget and to hire and fire chief constables. Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). The Elected PCCs have overcome issues that the police authorities did not the community involvement, empowerment and local governance is greater. The community elects their own PCCs locally and it represents the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This new approach to policing is boosting the empowerment of local communities in criminal justice affairs. They will hold the elected chief constable to account making sure that policing is responsive to the communities needs.There is an increased democratic accountability. (Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). However, this new reform also faces a few critiques. Lord Blair referred to this proposal as the most lamentable provision about policing I ha ve ever encountered (Blair, 2011). Firstly, the PCC will replace the 17 or 19 members who currently represent a police authority. It is impossible to imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities found in the areas covered by police forces, whether they are heavily populated urban ones or cover geographically large rural areas. Joyce, P 2011). As the policing needs and concerns of neighbourhoods are usually vastly different and are often in direct competition for exhaustible police resources, it is a concern that a PCC will seek to direct policing to address the localised, sectionalised or political interests of those who elected him or her into office thus destiny to politicise policing and opening the door to the possibility of corruption. (Joyce, P 2011). Before the 1964 Police Act, there were claims and investigations into policing corruption scandals the Borough police force in 1957 and in Nottingham in 1958. Citied in Wi llams, C 2003). Its due to these concerns about policing corruption, the police force became centralised. This is a major concern and strict safeguards and monitoring will have to be established to keep down it from happening again. Secondly, there is the question as to whether this reform was needed. It is fair to suggest that it is intensely politicized and a populist measure. Valid criticisms can be made concerning the operations of police authorities, however this did not mean they were performing a poor job and providing a poor police service.Party politics were not injected onto the agenda. In fact, there was a good working relationship between the police authorities and the chief constables in many areas and the communities and local policing benefited from this. (Joyce, P 2011). Ian Loader (2008) stated that the government is urged to take another ride on the law and order merry-go-round, to issue a fresh batch of crowd-pleasing-measures that can appease its apparently angr y and ill at ease(p) consumers. Many will harmonize with this.The government is in need of public support, confidence and trust and the best way to get the local communities or customers support is to respond to our demands. As was mentioned above, the community would like more opportunities to get involved in the way their communities are being policed and the new reform of elected PCCs can be perceived as a crowd-pleasing-measure. (Citied in Loader, I 2008). Garland again has famously said that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist.Policy measures are constructed in ways that value public opinion over the views of experts and the evidence of research. The dominant voice of crime policy is no longer the expert or even the practitioner but that of the long-suffering, ill served people- especially the victim and the fearful, anxious members of the public. (Stated in The Culture of Control, 2001). Furthermore, a range of views were put forward on the role o f PCCs from the consultation feedback and it was not all positive.Concerns have been expressed that a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. Moreover, there was concerns received about the checks and balances proposed in the consultation. Some members believed that the arrangements might prove too bureaucratic or create confusing lines of accountability for chief constables and the public. Others felt that they were too weak, or sought more detail on how the Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) would provide a real challenge and scrutiny. Citied in Theresa, M 2010). Many also expressed concerns about the political nature of the role of the PCC and in particular the involvement of candidates supported by the main political parties. They believe this would risk cutting across the operational decisions made by chief constables and other police officers, and this would most definitely inject party politics, whereby police authorities did not. Additionally, there needs to be appropriate and respectable safeguards to be put in place regarding to circumstances under which a PCC could dismiss or suspend a chief constable.These issues, if they were to ever occur, could create tension between PCCs and chief constables. The community will have a knock-on effect from this, as they would be the ones feeling the consequences. There would not be an adequate and efficient service provided to the community. That was the aim of PCCs and if it does not meet its own aims, it would fail dramatically. (Citied in Theresa, M 2010). It is fair to say police authorities and PCCs have issues to be concerned about but also have positive points.Police authorities and the 1964 Police Act did structure the police force and it did aim at providing an efficient and effective police force. This is consistently shown by the uninterrupted need to improve and advance the services being provided to the public . The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, the Policing Pledge 2008, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force.However, the demand for empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement perpetually grew stronger too and the police authorities did set priorities and standards nationally, and not locally. Research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. participants that were interviewed saw police authorities independence from the police force as very important. This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. Youre paying.. its your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how its policed. (Home Office 2003 17). The community does desire to get involved in the decision making, however the lack of knowl edge of police authorities and how you can get involved or the lack of liberation of empowerment and localisation should be questioned. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). The Coalition government 2012 distinguishable to introduce PCCs. The ain of this reform was to to democratic accountability to the public and to put power directly in the hands of the public. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o10). In this case, the stimulus from the public is greater and have greater local empowerment.However, PCC faces its problems too. It does face greater likelihood of policing corruption, a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. 17 to 19 members are being replaced by one PCC. It is impossible imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities and activities. In conclusion, the question still remains as to whether this reform was needed, the police author ities were not proving a poor service or doing a poor job.Garland (2001) would suggest that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist. The introduction of PCC was just a populist measure. However, the local communities may benefit from the empowerment and local prioritisation and if they do, PCCs have succeeded their aims. References Blair, L. (2011), Speech in the House of Lords 27 April, HL Debs school term 2010-11, Vol 727, Col 137 Blunkett, David (2003) Civil Renewal A New Agenda , London Home Office Brogden, M (1982), The Police Autonomy and Consent, London pedantic Press. Emsley, C (1996), The English Police a Political and Social History, Harlow Longman. Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (Feb 2008) The Review of Policing Final Report. London Home Office Garland, D (2001), The Culture of Control. Oxford Oxford University Press. Home Affairs Committee, (2008). Policing in the twenty-first century, Seventh Report, Session 2007/08, House of Commons Paper 364, TSO, Lo ndon. Joyce, P. (2011). Police reform from police authorities to police and crime commissioners. Sage, London. Loveday, B. (1994), The Police and Magistrates Courts Act.Policing 10(4), pp 221-233 Lustgarten, L. (1986), The Governance of the Police, London Sweet & Maxwell. The Coalition Manifesto Our Programme for Government (May 2010) Theresa, M (2010). Policing in the 21st Century Reconnecting police and the people. Home Office Home Affairs Committee (2010), Policing police and crime commissioners, Second Report, Sessions 2010/11, House of Commons Paper 511, TSO, London. Bibliography David Cameron speech (19 July 2010) Our Big Society Agenda. London Home Office Date accessed 25 November 2012 http//www. conservatives. om/News/Speeches/2010/07/David_Cameron_Our_Big_Society_Agenda. aspx Home Office (2003), The role of police authorities in public engagement Date Accessed 3 December 2012 http//library. npia. police. uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr3703. pdf Loader, I (2008). The great victim of this get-tough hyperactivity is Labour. The Guardian Date accessed 28 November 2012 http//www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice. ukcrime The Policing Pledge (2008). London Home Office Date Accessed 1 December 2012 http//www. met. police. uk/pledge/our_pledge_leaflet. pdf

Pricing Strategies

Penetration determine Price set to penetrate the nocket Low hurt to secure in laid-back spirits volumes Typical in mass market products chocolate bars, food stuffs, household unspoilts, etc. Suitable for products with long anticipated spiritedness cycles whitethorn be useful if launching into a unexampled marketMarket Skimming High impairment, Low volumes Skim the profit from the market Suitable for products that have short life cycles or which will face competition at some point in the future (e.g. after a patent runs out) Examples include Playstation, jewellery, digital technology, new DVDs, etc.Value Pricing Price set in accordance with customer perceptions about the value of the product/service Examples include status products/exclusive productsLoss Leader Goods/ go deliberately sold below cost to encourage sales elsewhere Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Christmas, selling bottles of gin at 3 in the hope that people will be attracted to the store and buy other things P urchases of other items more than covers loss on item sold e.g. Free nomadic phone when taking on contract packagePsychological Pricing Used to play on consumer perceptions Classic example 9.99 instead of 10.99 Links with value pricing high value goods harmd according to what consumers THINK should be the priceGoing Rate (Price Leadership) In case of price engageer, rivals have difficulty in competing on price too high and they lose market share, too low and the price leader would match price and force smaller rival out of market May chase pricing leads of rivals especially where those rivals have a clear dominance of market share Where competition is limited, going rate pricing may be relevant banks, petrol, supermarkets, electrical goods find very similar prices in all outletsTender Pricing Many contracts awarded on a tender basis Firm (or firms) submit their price for carrying out the work Purchaser then chooses which represents best value Mostly done in secretPrice Di scrimination Charging a different price for the same good/service in different markets Requires each market to be impenetrable Requires different price elasticity of demand in each marketDestroyer/Predatory Pricing Deliberate price cutting or offer of free gifts/products to force rivals (normally smaller and weaker) out of business or prevent new entrants Anti-competitive and illegal if it coffin nail be proved submerging/Full Cost Pricing Full Cost Pricing attempting to set price to cover both fixed and variable costs Absorption Cost Pricing Price set to absorb some of the fixed costs of productionMarginal Cost Pricing Marginal cost the cost of producing ONE peculiar(a) or ONE fewer item of production MC pricing allows flexibility Particularly relevant in transport where fixed costs may be relatively high Allows variable pricing structure e.g. on a flight from London to New York providing the cost of the extra passenger is covered, the price could bevaried a good deal to at tract customers and fill the aircraftContribution Pricing Contribution = Selling Price Variable (direct costs) Prices set to ensure reporting of variable costs and a contribution to the fixed costs Similar in principle to marginal cost pricing Break-even analysis might be useful in such circumstancesTarget Pricing Setting price to target a specified profit level Estimates of the cost and potential revenue at different prices, and thus the break-even have to be made, to determine the mark-up Mark-up = Profit/Cost x 100Cost-Plus Pricing Calculation of the average cost (AC) plus a mark up AC = Total Cost/OutputInfluence of Elasticity Any pricing decision must be mindful of the impact of price elasticity The stratum of price elasticity impacts on the level of sales and hence revenue Elasticity focuses on proportionate (percentage) changesPED = % Change in Quantity demanded/% Change in PricePrice Inelastic % change in Q % change in P e.g. a 5% increase in price would be met by a dri blet in sales of something less than 5% Revenue would rise A 7% reduction in price would lead to a rise in sales of something less than 7% Revenue would fallPrice Elastic % change in quantity demanded % change in price e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling by something more than 4% Revenue would fall A 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales of something more than 9% Revenue would rise

A New Orgnization In Tampa

The new organization in Tampa, Florida is very diverse but unified medical practice for multiple reasons but mainly through the physicians that have combined to create this practice. The three well-established physicians that combined to form the new organization argon an obstetrician, a gynecologist, and an urologist. The relationships that are formed through this group of physicians and rung are important when detailing vertical and swimming dimensions. The vertical dimensions of this organization would be the up and downward channels of communication, decision making, and the direction of activities taking place.Employing the appropriate staff for each physician is vital for smooth and accurate business. Staffing must include schedulers, guardianship department, nursing staff, etc. Having a business manager to keep the business operations and staff organized is vital in the vertical chain of command. In this case, a liaison is appointed to the medical staff that the physician s can depend on to hold back smooth coordination between organizations and within the medical building/hospital. The horizontal dimensions of this organization are in place to keep each specialist a unit in one medical building but likewise very specific to their different practices.A prime example of horizontal dimension is the obstetrician needing a nurse practitioner specifically in the practice to ensure that the help that is needed is supplied. Combining similar physicians is convenient for their clientele/patients but it is also very important that the division is present so that the organization is in place. Authority and Responsibility relationships that are present in this new organization are obviously apparent through the specialists that are collaborating to form a practice. more specifically, the authority is present within the people thats main purpose is to give orders and oversee activities.For example, the liaison that tends to the hospital and the physicians as well as the postal service manager that oversees the staff and business productions. The responsibility side of this organization is entirely up to the office staff as well as the physicians to follow termination instructions and show the responsibility that is vital in a successful business operation. In this particular practice, I believe that an organic organization is suitable. Having a few rules and procedures as well as a small number of organizational levels and ranks would be ideal for this new organization.By organizing the office in this way it go forth give more responsibility to a few people that can work together to keep everything very structured and uncomplicated. By creating a triplicity that amplifies the most important roles with responsible supervision I feel that everyone would be held accountable. The differentiations of this organization are the various elements that are present through the roles each soul takes. Multiple physicians, the nursing staff, and office staff are all important parts in what the differentials in this organization consist of.Knowing what the responsibilities are and what is expected helps to recite positions. Integration within this organization recognizes that there are specialized units that all have to work together in sync to benefit the overall eudaimonia of the practice. The nursing staff must work hand in hand with the physicians to ensure the support is needed to provide the best care. The office and insurance staff must work hand in hand to ensure that the business runs smoothly as well as creates revenue.

It301 Unit 5

Jason Combs Unit 5 Comparison of flavour Philosophies IT301 Project attention I professor Cyntia Glenn Cotton October 23, 2012 Unit 5 Comparison of Quality Philosophies Philosophy Matrix Dimension Deming Juran Crosby PMIQuality Definition Needs of clients Fitness for use Comply to the requirements abidance to requirements Quality System 14-pt Philosphy-A recipe for total choice Trilogy-Optimize the process Plan the quality Prevention Performance Standard PDCA/PDSA Deming Wheel SuccessFormula Quality assurance naught Defects Quality Measurement Kaizen Excellence to Process Perato Principles Cost of quality Cost of non-conformance Role of Top Management Consistently improve quality Speaks in the delivery of dollars Leadership Leadership and crashicipation Role of the Worker Self return Speak in the language of things Participation High level involvement In the world of quality, there are 3 great contributors that helped revolutionize and evolve the quality movement. These te rce gentlemen were W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, and Philip Bayard Crosby. All three of them concentrated on quality in the manufacturing and industrial businesses, yet each of their philosophies are dissimilar.Their contributions to the quality movement can also be applied to other business sectors, such as the schooling technology field. In order to discuss quality, we will need to explore each of their philosophies and how they relate to one another and additionally, how they contrast with one another. While there are indeed three great contributors, this paper will focus primarily on Philip B. Crosbys philosophies, and thus, be biased towards him. Quality Defined One of the contributors, Joseph Juran, wrote a publication cal take Quality Control Handbook. Jurans definition of quality is fitness for purpose (Juran, 2010). Fit for purpose means every service and/or product from a company essential satisfy the customers need with little to no failure.Jurans vision on quality w as based on the belief of implementing quality initiatives and quality counsel being defined by the consumer. This philosophy is similar to W. Edwards Demings point of view as organizational transformation for quality. This process led to Juran dividing this concept into two categories Product features that meet customer needs and freedom from deficiencies, which defines quality as reducing costs and improving standards. Therefore, Juran defines quality by implementing nonstop onward motion workers need to have training in proper methods of a regular basis, being understood from the perspective of the customer.Similar to Juran, Deming emphasized on measure preferably than fixing as the key to quality. Quality System Similar the philosophies of Juran and Deming, Philip B. Crosby utilized a principle he called DIRTFT (Doing It Right The First Time). Just like Juran and Demings prevention philosophies, DIRTFT prevented problems by simply doing it right to begin with. Crosby define d quality as conformance to requirements (which are both the product requirements and the customers requirements). This was a part of the quality organisation that Crosby developed, which had four parts. The get-go part is described above, which is how he defined quality. The second part is that the system of quality is prevention.The third part is that the performance standard is correct taints, as is related to the requirements. The fourth and last part is the measurement of quality is the price of nonconformance. Crosbys belief was that a business that had a quality system in place would see savings returns that paid off the cost of the system itself, or more simply, quality is free. The system that Juran came up with consisted of the Quality Trilogy, which involved three main parts. These parts are quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. In these three areas, the system involved identifying, developing and optimizing, and demonstrating continuous improve ments.Deming, on the other hand, had a system he established using a fourteen point formula which recognized the purpose toward improvement, leadership, and training, as well as taking actions to break a successful process improvement. Standards of Performance Crosbys performance standard consisted of having a zero defect approach, which meant everyone involved (supplier and customer included) must understand. Crosby defined zero defect as not being a literal zero defect (as that is not always possible), but rather producing goods or services within concur upon tolerances and requirements for quality and costs. Juran had a four step formula when it came to performance standards establish goals to be reached, establish plans for these goals, meet the goals, and rewards based on results achieved.Deming had a process called the Deming Wheel, which was an allowance of the PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, and Act) Problem Solving Cycle. To break it down, Plan involved designing components to im prove results, Do employed the plan, Check evaluated the measurements, and Act made decisions based on the changes inevitable to improve the process. Quality Measurements Jurans perspective on quality was based on five general measures, the measures being the cost of poor quality, defects, product/process features, customer needs, and customer behavior. Demings measurements were based on the Kaizen approach, which involved the evaluation of each operation including performance, the raw materials used, processes (manual and machine) and the output(s).Kaizen is an objective to attain improvement continuously. Cosbys philosophy of do it right the first time enforces consumers to spend more money on preventing failure and less on fixing failures. His quality measurements are based on the Cost of Quality, which has in effect(p) two components the cost of good quality versus the cost of poor quality. While it costs money to achieve quality, it costs even more money when that quality is not achieved. Managements Role Juran viewed the role of management to encompass all processes, especially in services versus products. His focus on quality improvement was in three parts, the first being a program to address random problems.The second part was a program to address chronic or reoccurring issues, and the third part was an emphasis on annual quality programs. Demings philosophy was that all employees within a business are responsible for quality management and improvements. The management must adapt to quality, and lead the company towards improvement as well as be involved in all aspects of the quality improvement processes. Crosby, meanwhile, viewed the role of management at the top, and had a strong emphasis on increasing profits through quality improvement. His concept reflected in his fourteen step quality improvement program, which begins with Step One Management Commitment. Therefore, management must be commited towards quality from the top down. Workers RoleJur an believes that the role of the workforce is to be involved in quality improvement teams. Deming believes that all workers need to be educated on quality techniques, and they need to have responsibility to prevent defects. Crosbys concept in the workers role deals with just a small amount of responsibility. However, workers should take pride in having quality workmanship and still assume responsibility for their quality. Conclusion Jurans quality philosophy falls in line with the Project Management Institute, which involves similar actions in regards to planning, assurance, and control (PMBOK, 2008). Deming emphasizes quality through statistical process control.Crosbys model of quality was always directed at creating a zero defect mentality which establishes an atmosphere of pride in workmanship while assuming responsibility for quality. References Institute, P. M. (2008). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. (4th edition). Newtown Square Project Management Institut e Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge(PMBOK-Guide) Fourth Edition (2008). Juran, Defeo Quality Control Handbook. (2010). Retrieved 10/23/2012 from http//books. google. com/books? id=JPCz0LoMnLsC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=joseph+M+Juran+-+%22fit+for+use%22&source=bl&ots=968XivvXtO&sig=eNbFuq-Ztkn8ULZwK7bfJw5y7aM&hl=en&ei=ubul

How Sports Influenced Me

Fit For Life How Sports Influenced Me Winning athletes and top students share many of the comparable qualities. They are both hardworking, dedicated, and have the desire to be successful. But a student-athlete has all of these characteristics plus numerous others. Throughout high school, I played quintuple sports and they each taught me something different, influenced my life, and helped shape me into the person I am today. A few things I learned include how important aggroupwork is and how critical it is to have a healthy work ethic.Playing high school level sports was an amazing experience, unmatched by any other. I will carry all the attributes I learned with with(predicate) my life. One of the most important things I learned as a high school athlete was how to work well with others. Teamwork creates a sense of integrity within a group of people that leads to having a successful police squad. Playing a myriad of sports during high school made me understand that when a team works together, as one, they get the greatest results.Teamwork is also important in the classroom. I discovered that working side by side with my classmates not notwithstanding allowed me to excel academically but I could also help my peers reach their greatest potential as well. The first thing athletes are taught is to always get wind their best, no matter what. If a team is down by 20 points, a dedicated athlete will give everything he/she has and never quit. If totally one player quits, either mentally or physically, the rest of team gets dragged down too.Athletes are told to be players who always hold their heads high and never use up defeat. This is how I became a leader and developed an exceptional work ethic. These are both important qualities for any person to possess. After high school I will pursue a Master of Education degree with a focus on elementary education. I hope that when I become a teacher I am able to teach my students to live by the kindred virtues.How S ports Influenced MeFit For Life How Sports Influenced Me Winning athletes and top students share many of the same qualities. They are both hardworking, dedicated, and have the desire to be successful. But a student-athlete has all of these characteristics plus numerous others. Throughout high school, I played multiple sports and they each taught me something different, influenced my life, and helped shape me into the person I am today. A few things I learned include how important teamwork is and how critical it is to have a ethical work ethic.Playing high school level sports was an amazing experience, unmatched by any other. I will carry all the attributes I learned through my life. One of the most important things I learned as a high school athlete was how to work well with others. Teamwork creates a sense of conformity within a group of people that leads to having a successful team. Playing a myriad of sports during high school made me understand that when a team works together, as one, they get the greatest results.Teamwork is also important in the classroom. I discovered that working side by side with my classmates not only allowed me to excel academically but I could also help my peers reach their greatest potential as well. The first thing athletes are taught is to always distort their best, no matter what. If a team is down by 20 points, a dedicated athlete will give everything he/she has and never quit. If reasonable one player quits, either mentally or physically, the rest of team gets dragged down too.Athletes are told to be players who always hold their heads high and never bring defeat. This is how I became a leader and developed an exceptional work ethic. These are both important qualities for any person to possess. After high school I will pursue a Master of Education degree with a focus on elementary education. I hope that when I become a teacher I am able to teach my students to live by the same virtues.

Homophobia

Homophobia among University Students The term homophobia, sometimes referred to as homonegativity and sexual prejudice, refers to an unreasonable fear, avoidance, and discrimination of homosexuals. Society has greatly changed their views on homosexuality over the years, as yet homophobia still exists today. Extensive research has been conducted on homosexuality and how it affects our society. A previous mull aimed at measuring homophobia examined literature on the topic since 1987.It was found that darn society has seen a reduction in homophobia over the past twenty five years, discrimination still remains to be an issue (Ahmad & Bhugra, 2010). other study was conducted at a university that examined the impact of college sexuality classes on students attitudes toward homosexuality. This study used a comparison group and had participants of both groups take two surveys, one at the beginning of the semester and one at the end.This study found that a sexuality curriculum can help to reduce homophobia by exposing students to accurate information (Rogers, McRee & Arntz, 2009). b arely there continues to be issues with measuring such a sensitive theme for reasons such as, measuring an attitude is difficult to do, and acquiring honest responses can also be a challenge. The present study aims at measuring homophobia among university students by asking a wide range of questions around the central theme. Methods ParticipantsParticipants were ( ) male and ( ) distaff undergraduate psychology students from a California university. Materials A survey was certain around six main themes. Those sixt themes were then divided among six groups, three in each lab, and each group developed five to ten questions that would measure their assigned theme, and research five to ten much questions from research articles. Seventeen questions were developed to measure homophobia. One question asked if marriage between homosexual individuals is acceptable.Another question asked wheth er homosexual couples are as qualified to raise children as heterosexual couples. Another question asked the participant if they would end a friendship upon discovering a friend was gay. Most answers were presented on a likert scale, using anchors 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neither agree nor disagree 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree. 1=strongly agree 2=agree 3=neither agree nor disagree 4=disagree 5=strongly disagree. However to ensure increased reliability, some questions were deleted and replaced with impudent ones and the survey was administered a consequence time.Procedure The survey was posted on psychsurveys. org for three days. Participants were emailed a link to access to and complete the survey. After the survey was complete, a reliability analysis was done, and some of the questions were replaced with new ones. Participants then had another three days to log back into the survey and re-take it. Results Discussion In order to increase this scales reliability, a bigger surve y should be used in the future to measure out homophobia, with more in depth questions about feelings and attitudes around homophobia.Directly asking participants whether or not they are homophobic would create a floor effect because it is unlikely that anyone would identify themselves as homophobic. Instead, many carefully thought out questions should be used. Developing questions to assess a feeling like homophobia is a difficult task. Questions need to be worded in such a precise way as to not choose the participant into answering untruthfully. Questions need to be neutral so that the participant does not feel pressured to answer a certain way.In addition, the answer format was not ideal for all questions in the homophobia section of the survey. Answers were mostly reported on a likert scale for statistical purposes, while open-ended responses whitethorn have been more insightful. Furthermore, the sample used in the current study was all college students from California. Had th is survey been administered to non-students from a more conservative state, or at a religious gathering, the results that were obtained may have been greatly different. Conclusion ReferencesMcCann, P. D. , Minichiello, V. , & Plummer, D. (2009). Is homophobia inevitable? Evidence that explores the constructed nature of homophobia, and the techniques through which men unlearn it. Journal of Sociology, 45(2), 201-220. Retrieved from http//jos. sagepub. com. libproxy. csun. edu/content/45/2/201. full. pdf html (McCann, Minichiello & Plummer, 2009) Ahmad, S. , & Bhugra, D. (2010). Homophobia An updated look into of the literature. Sexual and relationship therapy, 25(4), 447-455. Retrieved from http//web. bscohost. com. libproxy. csun. edu/ehost/detail? emailprotected&vid=1&hid=122&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== (Ahmad & Bhugra, 2010) Rogers, A. , McRee, N. , & Arntz, D. (2009). Using a college human sexuality course to combat homophobia. Sex education, 9(3), 211225. Retrieved from htt p//web. ebscohost. com. libproxy. csun. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? emailprotected&vid=1&hid=122 (Rogers, McRee & Arntz, 2009)

The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the effect of custodial sentences on the mental wellness of teenage offenders in England aged between 12-17 old age?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison environment, with its rules and regimes, whitethorn have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young offenders, and those with mental diseasees in occurrence (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her deliver voltage, mess cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014).That is, good mental health is cardinal being generally able to think, feel and react in the managements that you need and want to live your life. But if you go done a period of poor mental health you might find the ways youre frequently thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or even impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse.This look for end necessitate the rationale for looking into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. Highlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive research with methodological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical bias issues in surface. Further more(prenominal), eratable is been developed to facilitate for better analysis and conduct of the research.Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009 Robson 2011 Saunders Lewis, 2012) consistently argue a clear research question supported by a convincing rationale justified by academician literature is essential for a good research project.Background and Rationale for the study (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of theme on the mental health needs of young people in the justice scheme, there remain m any(prenominal) unanswered questions.In the year ending parade 2016, there were 27,900 young people sentenced in England.This number has fallen by 10% comp atomic number 18d with the previous year, and by 71% since the year ending March 2006. However, residential district sentences including referral orders and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly imposed in 68% of sentences Youth Justice identity card (2017).Children and young people in detention ar three times as likely as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced multiple traumas during their young lives such as neglect, corrupt and maltreatment.Children in custody argon facing a significant shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology services and having to wait more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, are being left with urgent needs unmet receivable to reduc ed services in secure training centres (STCs) correspond to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017).The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on children who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working class boys in custody have mental and other health problems.These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016).All children who come into contact with youth justice services are vulnerable by virtue of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison reform trust The Prison Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also beca habit they experience a r ange of impairments and delirious difficulties.It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and wellbeing needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence.If these children are non helped at an primal age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and worsening offending behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youth justice system are only one element of state intervention in the lives of these children and their families the role of schools, social care and health services are all life-sustaining determinants of improving outcomes Local Government Association (2017).There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justi ce system have heights level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006 Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have postgraduate levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012).Even though evidence of high prevalence is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate masking piece and identification and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical Association sets out with clarity and single the human beings rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law.The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender design and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and youn g (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders experience of abuse has been found to be significant factors in their lives beyond Youth Custody (2014).The majority of young violent offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a double childhood trauma may be a potent factor in the lives of violent young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date.Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls tending to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently prevalent to warrant the introduction of systematic assessment for violent young offenders. Attempting to address young offenders behavior without understanding their underlying difficulties can result in unsuc cessful and sometimes detrimental interventions.Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being allow for limit the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work.According to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition government published a green wallpaper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a rehabilitation revolution in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow.an emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to sequential governments concerns about the juvenile prison population.They proposed alternative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy go away replace custodial environment, instead the focus will be on community and loc alism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children.Against a background signal of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014 Association for Young Peoples Health, 2013 National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is commendable of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice.Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are To explore the prevalence of mental health which rival the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosoc ial needs of young offenders custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement.To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison.Methodology Justification (800 Words)The research will engage patriarchal and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (Qualitative) research is that enough information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research.Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to uncover deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how information is collected and how it is analyse (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004) .Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004).Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, Overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison.It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The purpose is to test the hypothes is. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and dependability of the secondary data will be stress.In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze.The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation, second the deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, thingmabob sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent.The extent to which these various concerns are met and made denotative in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why theyll require considerate analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces parental consent.Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with strike stakeholders to ascertain the structures of current service provision, and processes involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services.All sampled children in YOI at the time of the stares will be invited to engage from to complete a questionnaire. Every effort shall be made to speak to each participant separately in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the survey and the independence of the process.B oth boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or row difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to ensure any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be follow up, each questionnaire will be number so that any relevant comments could be trace back to the respondent.Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, Academic search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online.Key words which will be used in the search is custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as con junctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results.This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and Bias issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literatures search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a studys conclusions shall also be consider.Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial approximation was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participating in le ctures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge.I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to navigate the research and writing process (Punch, 2006).Although I had partake in the same lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an bind from the Independent Newspaper talking about the mental health of young offenders. I then engage with the literature search strategy to develop my question. expression on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. iodine of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem Im raise in exist.

4 Davids

Jennifer Keefe Professor Mark Moak Art History 1 celestial latitude 2011 The Life and Times of the Four David Artists Through knocked out(p) the social classs at that place were many big inventionists who created many great works of art, but only quadruple Italian artists re in ally stick out for creating the homogeneous piece all with assorted points of views. These artists were Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini, all of who created a David sculpt. Each one very unique and different. These four artists all stand out in there own individual ways. David who was supposed to be the snatch king of Israel, killed lusus naturae with just a sling and a single stone.The story of David and monstrosity goes something the like this, according to the bible in 1 Samuel 17. The Philistine army gathered for war against the Israelites. The two armies set about each other on opposite sides of a valley. A Philistine giant named Goliath, would come out in armor and challeng e the Israelites to war. The King of Israel who at that time was capital of Minnesota, and his whole army were sc ared of Goliath. David who was the youngest parole of Jesse, was sent to battle for one simple task, to bring his father back news of his brothers. While there, David hear Goliath shouting and saw the fear that had began to turn up in the men of Israel.David volunteered himself to fight Goliath, it took sometime for Saul to agree, but finally he gave in. Dressed in his simple tunic, carrying only his staff, slingshot and a bulk panoptic of stones, David approached Goliath. The giant cursed at him, reservation horrible threats and insults. David said to Goliath, You come against me with make and shaft and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the headmaster Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you defy defied today I will give the carcasses of the Philistine army to the birds of the air and the whole world will know that there is a God in Is rael t is not by sword or spear that the Lord saves for the battle is the Lords, and he will give all of you into our hands. As Goliath moved in for the kill, David reached into his mantrap and took out a single stone and aimed for Goliaths head. Finding a hole in the armor, the stone sank into Goliaths forehead and caused Goliath to fall face down on the ground. David then took Goliaths sword, killed him and cut move out his head. When the Philistines saw that their wedge was dead, they turned around and ran. At this moment the Israelites began to pursue, chase and kill their enemy (1 Samuel 17). As time went on four very different artists became inspired to create their own very different and very unique Davids. These four artists were Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Bernini. First was Donatello. Donatello was an early Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. Donatello is well know for doing most of his work in bas-relief, which is a shallow relief, which is well inc orporated in his 14th snow works. Donatello created many major works such as the statue of St. Mark in 1411 through 1413. In 1417 Donatello terminate St. George, which is shown in bas relief and shows one of the scratch xamples of cardinal point perspective. Central point perspective is when all the perspective lines come from one point in the painting or drawing. One of the things that I subscribe to about that I found funny was that Donatello sculpted a tabernacle for his work but was exchange in 1460 to hold Verrocchios Incredulity of St. Thomas. Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five more statues for Giottos campanile of Santa mare del Fiore in Florence, which to some of us we like to call the Duomo. The five works that are in the campanile are the Beardless Prophet, the Bearded Prophet, which were both do in he year 1415, the Sacrifice of Isaac in 1421, Habbakuk in the years 1423 through 1425, and Jeremiah in the years 1423 through 1426. These works follow clas sical models for viewers and show strong details. In 1425 Donatello created a piece titled Crucifix, which shows Christ in a moment of agony, with his eyeball and mouth slightly opened. Between the years of 1425 through 1427, Donatello worked with some other artist by the name of Michelozzo on the monument for the Antipope John XXII for the monument that would be in Florence. Donatello completed a marble dialog box monument for Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci in a church inNaples, int the year 1427. Around the same time he did two statues called Faith and Hope for a baptistery in Siena. Donatello created a perfect balance in the midst of Classicism and realism in my mind. This was created from an image of an Italian boy who looked like a Classical naked figure (Fichner-Rathus 331). I didnt know this, I just thought it was something that he created from his mind. Although Donatello was inspired by Classical figures, he chose a young boy whose arms appear weak because of the lack of muscles. after(prenominal) defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side, hich looks like it was almost to heavy for David to handle. It seems almost hopeless that a young boy like David could have succeeded in such a task. David himself look walk out aback even by his own deed as he glances down on the body of Goliath. Apparently, Davids intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build (Fichner- Rathus 331-332). Donatellos David now sits in the Medici. Second was Verrocchio, who withal designed a sculpture of David. Verrocchio in my opinion was one of the best known sculptors of his time in the fifteenth century. Verrocchio was born in Florence around the year 1435.Some people say that he canvass to a lower place Donatello, but no one knows for sure, some people also say that he might have studied under a painter named Lippi. It is a mystery that has yet to be solved and may never be solved. Verrocchios main works are dated ba ck to his late twenties. His studio apartment or workshop was in Florence where he was a member of the Guild of St. Luke. Some more great artists passed through his studio such as Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi. Some of the works that were created by his students are often times hard to distinguish between his own works and theirs. Towards the end of his life he opened a ew workshop in Venice where he was functional on a sculpture of Bartolomeo Colleoni. Eventually he left his workshop in the hands of one of his apprentices Lorenzo di Credi. Verrocchio died in Venice around the year 1488. Verrocchios figure of David is one the most famous works of his time and still is today. In Verrocchios David, I see a strong contrast between the way that Verrocchio treated the same melodic theme that Donatello did. Verrocchios brave man appears somewhat sometime(a) and excludes pride and self- confidence rather than a languid gaze of disbelief (Fichner-Rathus 334). I personally houg ht that Verrocchios David looked surprised but also quite soaring of himself. Verrocchio had slim detail that showed in his David, where as Donatello did a very good job with his realism and making the torso of David seem different. Verrocchios sculpture also looks like a different technique was used. Donatellos David has closed objects and Davids limbs are in created in what they call an S- curve stance, which helped with his human form. An S- curve is where the calf and the thigh are bent so that the leg creates the shape of an S, which is very different from Verrocchios sculpture because his is more open.For example, the sword and elbow are sticking out, away from the center of the body. Donatellos graceful pose had been replaced in the Verrocchio, by a jaunty contrapposto that enhances Davids image of self-confidence (Fichner-Rathus 334). The third artist that created a David sculpture was Michelangelo. Michelangelo was probably one of the great artists that ever lived duri ng his time. Michelangelo was born during the biggest period of Western art also known as Renaissance Italy, which at that time was the most artistically developed country. Not only was Michelangelo a sculptor, but was also a fresco painter.Michelangelo created The Creation and The Last Judgement, both of which are in the Sistine Chapel. The start of Michelangelos career started in Florence, which at the time was under Lorenzo the Magnificent. Things were changing after the death of the anti-Renaissance Priest and the leader of Florence. Michelangelo was asked to complete an marginal project that was al conveyy started 40 years earlier by an artist named Agostino di Duccio. This project was a Brobdingnagian statue of David, which symbolized the freedom of the Florentine republic. This statue of David was to be placed in the Piazza della Signoria which is front of thePalazzo Vecchio. This masterpiece was created out of a solid marble block. This was a huge advantage for Michelangel o because he was able to use this to establish himself as a sculptor of incredible talent and strength for his imagination. Michelangelo had a very strong character from what I have read about him. He preferred to work by himself, rather then working with others, which is probably where he gets such a sense of independence and strong character. Ive also read that Michelangelo would lose his temper and would end up in sticky situations because of it. Julius II who was the pope t the time, made Michelangelo bend over backwards at his feet to try and get him to get him to finally paint the fence and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His reputation as a sculptor was established when he carved his David at the keenness of twenty-seven from a single piece of what seemed like to everyone else as an unworkable piece of marble. Unlike the Davids that were created by Donatello and Verrocchio, Michelangelos David is not shown after defeating Goliath instead, David is portrayed as a most beautif ul animal preparing to kill-not by savagery and brute force, but by intellect and skill (Fichner-Rathus 345). Over his shoulder is Davids sling, and the stone is sit down in the palm of his right hand. Michelangelos David shows the young face of David who has just reached adulthood and shows great physical and ingenious attributes. Michelangelos sculpture is close in form, like Donatellos David. All the elements move firmly around a central axis (Fichner-Rathus 345). Finally, there is Bernini. Bernini had many early works before he created his David sculpture in 1623. Bernini studied under Cardinal Scipione Borghese, who was a member of the reigning papal family at that time. Under Cardinal Scipione, Bernini arved his first group of life size sculptures. Berninis first life size sculpture was called Aeneas, Anchises and Ascanius Fleeing Troy which was created in 1619. Berninis second sculpture was created in 1622 called Pluto and Proserpina. In 1624 Bernini created Apollo and Dap hne which was supposed to be viewed as a relief. Apollo and Daphne standing near each other looking as though they could be in motion. Apollos left arm is resting on Daphnes left hip. This statue is in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. ( Italian Master). The deification of Theresa is another sculpture that was done between 1644 and 1647.This sculpture was made the church of the Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome. This sculpture was created for Saint Theresa because she would write religious narratives. In one of here narratives she talks about her relationship with immortal as a burning arrow piercing through her heart (Meyer 10), I thought a description of a relationship between a human and God would be a little more beautiful and not so morbid. The sculpture of Emperor Constantine, which was sculpted between 1654-1670 out of marble, is another one of Berninis works of art. It is located in the Vatican in Rome. The statue has drapes in it that are not marble but stucco.In 1623 Bern ini created his David, which is very different from those of Donatello, Verrocchio and Michelangelo. Bernini had neither Donatellos triumphant boy or Michelangelos posturing adolescent. Berninis hero is full-grown and fully engaged-both physically and psychologically. Davids aim shows his muscular body as it twists just a split second before slinging the stone that he has grasped in his left hand. David stands alone, but Goliath is simply just envisioned in the viewers mind as standing directly arse David. As a viewer looking at the sculpture of David, I am almost tempted to flirt the fight in my mind and pretend hat I am ducking in baseball club to avoid being hit with a stone. It is the anticipation of violent action that heightens this confrontation as Davids possible power is momentarily arrested (Scribner 66). Present in this sculpture are three of the five characteristics of Baroque art motion which is a different way of looking at stead and the concept of time. Donatell o and Verrocchio depicted David at rest after he killed Goliath, Michelangelo, presented David before the battle, with the tension and emotion evident in every vein and muscle. Bernini does not depict David before or after the fight. Instead, he shows him in the rocess of the fight. This represents the element of time in his work. The views are forced to complete the action that David has begun for us. With Davids positioning, a new concept of space comes into play. No long-life does the figure remain still in a Classical contrapposto stance, but rather extends into the surrounding space away from a vertical axis. This movement outward from a central core forces the viewer to take into account both the form and the space between and surrounding the forms-in order to appreciate the complete firearm (Fichner- Rathus 360). In order to understand the sculpture fully, we must move around the work.As we move, the views of the work change drastically. As you can see, the works sculpted by Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Bernini are drastically very different in there own ways. Donatello presented David as a young boy who seemed incapable and amazed at his feat. Verrocchios David, although an adolescent, appears somewhat older and has more self-confidence than Donatellos David. Michelangelos David has just reached manhood and is capable of great physical feats, like defeating Goliath. Finally, Berninis David is a full grown man. He, like Michelangelos David, also appears to be strong, brave and gifted enough to slaughterGoliath. These four artists were both fearful and spectacular. They each brought something different into the world and even still to this very day we are still in awe over what they created. Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini, four great artists with four very different views on the world. Works Cited Fichner-Rathus, Lois. agreement Art. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995 Italian Master. New York The Muse um of Modern Art, 1940. Meyer, Alfred Gotthold. Donatello. Liepzig Fischer & Wittig, 1904 Scribner, Charles. Gianlorenzo Bernini. New York H. N. Abrams, Publishers, 1991.

My Self

I debate that multifarious factors make a person an individual who is unique and distinct from others. Most of these factors movement their fantasy early on in a mans life, consisting of experiences in childhood and adolescence, which shape a persons philosophy and values in life. I was fortunate to have a childhood that gave me a sense of respect towards my parents and other family members, especially my elders. My childhood and adolescence taught me to treat my family as a set apart thing and give it the importance it deserves. Moreover, I know that our socioeconomic status gave me the proper perspective and grow to aim high in my studies and avoid taking risks.My close relationship with my family also allowed me to become lax to forming close and trusting friendships. Thus, my childhood can be generally described as non-traumatic, save for a single car accident that left me a few injuries. Nevertheless, such an experience did not frustrate me from studying hard in class, w hich made adults see me as a smart child who has to a greater extent than what meets the eyes.My open relationship with my friends and family shaped my disposition as an active and open-minded person, who is always go forthing to help. I am also generally jovial, ad this helps me get along with others easily. I continue to live by my academic skills I acquired since childhood, and I pride myself in being a fast learner and a good researcher. My view of manhood and sexuality is consistent with my ain philosophy, which is bound by honesty, dignity and resoluteness.Given this personal backdrop, I expect my future life to be bright and full of promises. I will work hard to achieve a happy family life and a successful professional career. Therefore, I will keep on pursuing further studies, careful not to let any kind of hindrance get in my way. I know that my friends and family would be with me every step of the way while I tread the road to personal growth and fulfillment.

An Academic Intervention Model

IntroductionThere is a social division that lies at the bosom of Irish 2nd course cultivation. Students from deprived or lower socio-economic groups tip to rule in the vocational tuition sector while pupils from the higher societal strata discernm to make out towards conscious instruction ( spiritual ) sector. In England, at the terminal of a kid s capital instruction, normally at the age of 12-14 old ages the Eleven irrefutable examen is administered to pupils. The intent of the Eleven plus scrutiny is to prove a pupil s ability to work out jobs utilizing verbal crystalline thinking, non-verbal logical thinking mathematics and English. The intent of this scrutiny is to find which type of inculcate the pupil lead go to on completion of their primary instruction a grammar direct, a secondary school, or a proficient school. In Ireland, the Primary security system scrutiny became mandatory for students in 6th criterion in 1943, dwelling of three written documents in Iris h, English and arithmetic. It was later abolished in 1967 go forthing no tantamount(predicate) system of streaming. The patterned advance from primary school to secondary school in Ireland has its ain ( less(prenominal) overt ) resource procedure. The choice procedure is that of the parents and the pupils themselves make up ones minding which sort of secondary school they allow go to. Second-level instruction in Ireland comprises of voluntary secondary, vocational, community and comprehensive schools. All of these schools offer the Certificate crime syndicates ordained by the section of instruction and Science, enter their pupils for the same national scrutinies and are capable to review by the Department.The determination, hence, on which school to go to, is based on the community s cultural perceptual puzzle of that peculiar school. There is a class-structured beat of instruction which prevails in reality much within 2nd degree instruction. This category differentiation between the voluntary secondary school and the vocational secondary school is really prevailing. The division has a civilization which associates the more academically capable pupil with the voluntary secondary school and the less academic pupil to the vocational secondary school.A Brief History of Vocational Education in Ireland In order to understand how this division is present today, when both schools operate the same class course of larn, offering the Junior and leave Certificate scrutinies. We must look at the development of vocational instruction in Ireland since the late 19th century. The Vocational Education Act of 1930 was the first major instruction enterprise of the so Irish Free State. Even today, this Act has a strong influence on the execution of current educational policy. The intent of the Act was to set up vocational instruction in Ireland that would offer proficient and continuation instruction. Vocational Education Committees were established in every county and the schools they ran were known as technical schools. The proficient school offered an alternate to the more academically focussed course of study of the voluntary secondary schools.Up to 1967, the Primary Certificate was the recognized making awarded to pupils between the ages of 12 and 14 on completion of primary instruction. Today, the Eleven Plus continues to be in a more voluntary cleverness but more as an entryway test into a specific group of schools, unlike in the yesteryear where it was compulsory in nature In 1924, the median(a) and Leaving Certificate programmes were introduced into secondary instruction. The Intermediate Certificate test was taken by pupils after a three yr rhythm. Students so progressed to the Leaving Certificate, which was completed after a farther two old ages. The Leaving Certificate was and even so is the choice trial used to derive entree to third flat instruction.In 1947, the biennial classify Certificate was introduced for the vocationa l schools. It included practical appraisals and teacher appraisals of the pupils work. This was really different from the single-exam Intermediate and Leaving Certificates. The intent of the Group Certificate was to fix pupils for the employment. Prior to the debut of the Group Certificate, pupils would hold left instruction without any chunk making.The debut of the Group Certificate reinforced the societal differences between the two instruction sectors, the vocational and the academic. The practical component of the Group Certificate appraisals and scrutiny reinforced the perceptual bewilder of vocational instruction as being of a lower value than that of the academic voluntary secondary school. Writing about vocational instruction in Ireland in the 1950s, John Coolahan in his book Irish Education, History and Structure ( 1981, p103 ) has this to posit about the Group Certificate it awas of a terminal character with small or no transportation value to foster formal instruc tion. He goes on to admit the negative perceptual experience of the vocational system. Sean OConnor in his book, Post-primary instruction now and in the hereafter ( 1968 ) felt that by comparing to the Numberss go toing voluntary secondary schools thatA little figure of parents, by penchant, sent their kids to vocational schools-mainly in the midlands-so that they capacity gain the Group Certificate, which offered well-paid occupations in Bord na Mona and the ESB. Otherwise, parents with any aspiration for their kids did non utilize the vocational system.( p.28 ) .The demand to bout to this instability resulted in the debut of the Intermediate and Leaving Certificate into vocational schools in 1966. The course of study was besides expanded to include topics much(prenominal) as Building Construction, Agriculture, Economics, Engineering and Business Organisation. Although this went some way to turn to the educational disparity between the two instruction sectors, vocational instr uction was still cerebration of as inferior by Irish societal attitudes in their rating of proficient instruction.The assignment of Donagh OMalley in 1967, as Minister for Education, brought reform and important alterations to Irish instruction. He broadened entree with the debut of free second-level instruction. He abolished the Primary Certificate, which resulted in the stoping of the narrow focal point on the three Primary Certificate scrutiny topics of Irish, English and Arithmetic. The inaugural greatly increased pupil registration in 2nd degree instruction. In 1972, the school go forthing age was increased to fifteen.By the late eightiess, society s demand for this soma of proficient instruction refering to trades, industries, commercialism and physical preparation was altering. This was further emphasised in 1989 by the Department of Education who introduced the Junior Certificate into vocational schools. . The debut of the Junior Certificate into vocational schools address ed contribution of the makings disparity between the two educational sectors. For the first clip since its enception vocational instruction had equal position at the Junior Cycle as the voluntary secondary schools.Unfortunately, the perceptual experience of vocational instruction as being of a lower category is still apparent even today. Irish societal attitudes still tend to tie in vocational instruction as manual and practical-type instruction. Middle-class parents see voluntary secondary instruction as more esteemed academic-type of instruction which they feel will basically take to their kid procuring greater probabilitys at third-level instruction and finally a white-collar occupation.Vocational schools still make up a important per centum of secondary schools. Of the 730 2nd degree schools in the state, 250 are vocational schools, providing for 30 % of all 2nd degree pupils ( Department of Education and Science 2010 ) .New SectionRoscommon biotic community prepare, ante cedently called Roscommon Vocational School, was in world a low accomplishing school. Morale and outlooks among pupils and instructors and parents was low. The assignment of the current principal(prenominal) caused the attitude of pupils and instructors to better well. Through a series of alterations instigated by him through audience with the pupils, parents and instructors turn toing countries such as pupil subject, general housework school uniform/appearance, prep, attending, promptness and general behavior, supply preparation, staff motive etc. order returned to the school bettering with it staff and pupil morale. The school has now reached a tableland, and an chance has been created so that the political relations of divisiveness has been neutralised. Staff now have the accomplishments, attitude, vision, and willingness to develop originative ways to take away more efficaciously, wise man and engage parents and better academic accomplishment of the school.New SECTION ( tran slation AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPTS )This thesis will try to place the factors that guarantee the effectual running of a school and look into how the Academic Intervention Model she developed, together with the staff and pupils, and the encouragement of parental engagement endure develop societal interpersonal accomplishments, self-esteem, academic self-image, academic accomplishment and instructor, parent and pupil positions and attitudes.A schools be in the National League Tables is the flagstone of national and community perceptual experience of a school. It is a changeless challenge for a school to project itself in a positive visible radiation. School selling, good pupil classs and the figure of pupils come oning to third degree helps to maintain the pupil registration Numberss up.In the research survey, I will utilize my current topographic point of work as the fulfill research undertaking and will work with a group of 40 fifth and 6th twelvemonth pupils and their pa rents over a biennial period. Throughout the research the school will be known by the anonym of Fairhill Community School. Based on school records such as Leaving Certificate consequences, CAO, FAS and railway line Applications it is apparent that the school does non bring forth many high accomplishing pupils. Alumnuss of the school would take up employment, apprenticeships or go to an institute of engineering and merely 5 % of pupils would procure a topographic point at university. The writer feels that an challenge research attack would outdo suit the research intended. Ernest Stringer states thatA cardinal precede of community-based action research is that it commences with an involvement in the jobs of a group, a community, or an administration. Its intent is to help state in widening their apprehension of their state of affairs and therefore deciding jobs that confront them a Community-based action research is ever enacted through an expressed set of societal values. In mod ern, democratic societal contexts, it is seen as a procedure of enquiry that has the undermentioned featuresIt is democratic, enabling the engagement of all people.It is just, admiting people s equivalence of worth.It is emancipating, supplying freedom from oppressive, debilitating conditions.It is life heightening, enabling the look of people s full benevolent potency.( Action Research, 1999, page 17 )