Pricing Strategies

Penetration determine Price set to penetrate the nocket Low hurt to secure in laid-back spirits volumes Typical in mass market products chocolate bars, food stuffs, household unspoilts, etc. Suitable for products with long anticipated spiritedness cycles whitethorn be useful if launching into a unexampled marketMarket Skimming High impairment, Low volumes Skim the profit from the market Suitable for products that have short life cycles or which will face competition at some point in the future (e.g. after a patent runs out) Examples include Playstation, jewellery, digital technology, new DVDs, etc.Value Pricing Price set in accordance with customer perceptions about the value of the product/service Examples include status products/exclusive productsLoss Leader Goods/ go deliberately sold below cost to encourage sales elsewhere Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Christmas, selling bottles of gin at 3 in the hope that people will be attracted to the store and buy other things P urchases of other items more than covers loss on item sold e.g. Free nomadic phone when taking on contract packagePsychological Pricing Used to play on consumer perceptions Classic example 9.99 instead of 10.99 Links with value pricing high value goods harmd according to what consumers THINK should be the priceGoing Rate (Price Leadership) In case of price engageer, rivals have difficulty in competing on price too high and they lose market share, too low and the price leader would match price and force smaller rival out of market May chase pricing leads of rivals especially where those rivals have a clear dominance of market share Where competition is limited, going rate pricing may be relevant banks, petrol, supermarkets, electrical goods find very similar prices in all outletsTender Pricing Many contracts awarded on a tender basis Firm (or firms) submit their price for carrying out the work Purchaser then chooses which represents best value Mostly done in secretPrice Di scrimination Charging a different price for the same good/service in different markets Requires each market to be impenetrable Requires different price elasticity of demand in each marketDestroyer/Predatory Pricing Deliberate price cutting or offer of free gifts/products to force rivals (normally smaller and weaker) out of business or prevent new entrants Anti-competitive and illegal if it coffin nail be proved submerging/Full Cost Pricing Full Cost Pricing attempting to set price to cover both fixed and variable costs Absorption Cost Pricing Price set to absorb some of the fixed costs of productionMarginal Cost Pricing Marginal cost the cost of producing ONE peculiar(a) or ONE fewer item of production MC pricing allows flexibility Particularly relevant in transport where fixed costs may be relatively high Allows variable pricing structure e.g. on a flight from London to New York providing the cost of the extra passenger is covered, the price could bevaried a good deal to at tract customers and fill the aircraftContribution Pricing Contribution = Selling Price Variable (direct costs) Prices set to ensure reporting of variable costs and a contribution to the fixed costs Similar in principle to marginal cost pricing Break-even analysis might be useful in such circumstancesTarget Pricing Setting price to target a specified profit level Estimates of the cost and potential revenue at different prices, and thus the break-even have to be made, to determine the mark-up Mark-up = Profit/Cost x 100Cost-Plus Pricing Calculation of the average cost (AC) plus a mark up AC = Total Cost/OutputInfluence of Elasticity Any pricing decision must be mindful of the impact of price elasticity The stratum of price elasticity impacts on the level of sales and hence revenue Elasticity focuses on proportionate (percentage) changesPED = % Change in Quantity demanded/% Change in PricePrice Inelastic % change in Q % change in P e.g. a 5% increase in price would be met by a dri blet in sales of something less than 5% Revenue would rise A 7% reduction in price would lead to a rise in sales of something less than 7% Revenue would fallPrice Elastic % change in quantity demanded % change in price e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling by something more than 4% Revenue would fall A 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales of something more than 9% Revenue would rise